In traditional medicine and ethnomedicine, medicinal plants have long been recognized as the basis for materials in therapeutic applications worldwide. In particular, the remarkable curative effect ...of traditional Chinese medicine during Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has attracted extensive attention globally. Medicinal plants have, therefore, become increasingly popular among the public. However, with increasing demand for and profit with medicinal plants, commercial fraudulent events such as adulteration or counterfeits sometimes occur, which poses a serious threat to the clinical outcomes and interests of consumers. With rapid advances in artificial intelligence, machine learning can be used to mine information on various medicinal plants to establish an ideal resource database. We herein present a review that mainly introduces common machine learning algorithms and discusses their application in multi-source data analysis of medicinal plants. The combination of machine learning algorithms and multi-source data analysis facilitates a comprehensive analysis and aids in the effective evaluation of the quality of medicinal plants. The findings of this review provide new possibilities for promoting the development and utilization of medicinal plants.
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•The sources of multi-source data of medicinal plants and the strategies for processing multi-source data are summarized.•This paper summarizes several machine learning algorithms commonly used to analyze multi-source data of medicinal plants.•This paper summarizes the application of machine learning combined with multi-source data in medicinal plants in recent years, and prospects the development of this field in the future.
As a fungus with both medicinal and edible value,
Wolfiporia cocos
(F. A. Wolf) Ryvarden & Gilb. has drawn more public attention. Chemical components’ content fluctuates in wild and cultivated
W. ...cocos
, whereas the accumulation ability of chemical components in different parts is different. In order to perform a quality assessment of
W. cocos
, we proposed a comprehensive method which was mainly realized by Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy and ultra-fast liquid chromatography (UFLC). A qualitative analysis means was built a residual convolutional neural network (ResNet) to recognize synchronous two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) images. It can rapidly identify samples from wild and cultivated
W. cocos
in different parts. As a quantitative analysis method, UFLC was used to determine the contents of three triterpene acids in 547 samples. The results showed that a simultaneous qualitative and quantitative strategy could accurately evaluate the quality of
W. cocos
. The accuracy of ResNet models combined synchronous FT-NIR 2DCOS in identifying wild and cultivated
W. cocos
in different parts was as high as 100%. The contents of three triterpene acids in Poriae Cutis were higher than that in Poria, and the one with wild Poriae Cutis was the highest. In addition, the suitable habitat plays a crucial role in the quality of
W. cocos
. The maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model is a common method to predict the suitable habitat area for
W. cocos
under the current climate. Through the results, we found that suitable habitats were mostly situated in Yunnan Province of China, which accounted for approximately 49% of the total suitable habitat area of China. The research results not only pave the way for the rational planting in Yunnan Province of China and resource utilization of
W. cocos
, but also provide a basis for quality assessment of medicinal fungi.
Larval settlement is a critical bottleneck in the process of coral sexual propagation. Promoting coral larval settlement by inducers is a promising strategy in coral reef restoration engineering. In ...this study, the settlement-promoting effect of Ca
2+
on larvae of the brooding coral
Pocillopora damicornis
was investigated for the first time. Treatment with 40 mM CaCl
2
for 24 h effectively promoted coral larval settlement (~ 80%). Moreover, CaCl
2
is comparable with the natural inducer, crustose coralline algae (CCA), in both promoting coral larval settlement and post-settlement growth. CaCl
2
showed toxic effects on larval survival and growth at high concentrations, and this could be minimized by optimizing CaCl
2
concentration and shortening the exposure period. Our study suggests that applying Ca
2+
to effectively and efficiently induce coral larval settlement is viable for laboratory research and small-scale aquaculture systems, and it might become a useful tool in future coral reef restoration engineering.
The coral microbiome plays a key role in host health by being involved in energy metabolism, nutrient cycling, and immune system formation. Inoculating coral with beneficial bacterial consortia may ...enhance the ability of this host to cope with complex and changing marine environments. In this study, the coral Pocillopora damicornis was inoculated with a beneficial microorganisms for corals (BMC) consortium to investigate how the coral host and its associated microbial community would respond.
High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed no significant differences in bacterial community α-diversity. However, the bacterial community structure differed significantly between the BMC and placebo groups at the end of the experiment. Addition of the BMC consortium significantly increased the relative abundance of potentially beneficial bacteria, including the genera Mameliella and Endozoicomonas. Energy reserves and calcification rates of the coral host were also improved by the addition of the BMC consortium. Co-occurrence network analysis indicated that inoculation of coral with the exogenous BMC consortium improved the physiological status of the host by shifting the coral-associated microbial community structure.
Manipulating the coral-associated microbial community may enhance the physiology of coral in normal aquarium conditions (no stress applied), which may hypothetically contribute to resilience and resistance in this host.
•The sources of multi-source data of cash crops and the strategies for processing multi-source data are summarized.•This paper summarizes several machine learning algorithms commonly used to analyze ...multi-source data of cash crops.•This paper summarizes the application of machine learning combined with multi-source data in cash crops in recent years, and prospects the development of this field in the future.
The quality and safety of edible crops are key links inseparable from human health and nutrition. In the era of rapid development of artificial intelligence, using it to mine multi-source information on edible crops provides new opportunities for industrial development and market supervision of edible crops. This review comprehensively summarized the applications of multi-source data combined with machine learning in the quality evaluation of edible crops. Multi-source data can provide more comprehensive and rich information from a single data source, as it can integrate different data information. Supervised and unsupervised machine learning is applied to data analysis to achieve different requirements for the quality evaluation of edible crops. Emphasized the advantages and disadvantages of techniques and analysis methods, the problems that need to be overcome, and promising development directions were proposed. To monitor the market in real-time, the quality evaluation methods of edible crops must be innovated.
The community structure of coral associated microorganisms will change greatly in coral bleaching. However, the relationship between specific bacteria groups and
Symbiodinium
, which is easy to be ...found in the bleaching process, has been ignored for a long time. In this study, the changes of coral microbial community during a natural bleaching event in the South China Sea were studied by 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing. The microbial community composition of bleached corals was significantly different from that of normal corals (
P
< 0.001). OTUs belong to
Bacillus
,
Exiguobacterium
,
Oceanobacillus
,
Saccharibacteria
and
Ostreobiaceae
was significantly increased in the bleaching corals. The relative abundance of 30.9% OTUS changed significantly during coral bleaching. The relative abundance of potential coral pathogenic groups was not significantly different between normal and bleaching corals.
Symbiodinium
positively correlated bacterial groups accounted for 6.9% and 4.3% in the normal corals and bleached corals, respectively. The dominated groups of potential
Symbiodinium
-partner bacteria are
Lactococcus
and
Bacillus
. The potential
Symbiodinium
-partner bacterial groups in bleached corals were significantly lower than that in the normal corals, which further showed their coexistence with
Symbiodinium
. This study provides insight into the role of potential
Symbiodinium
-partner bacterial groups in the coral bleaching process and supports the theory of beneficial microorganisms for corals.
Mongolian traditional botanical knowledge has been rarely researched concerning the ethnobotany theory and methodology in the last six decades (Pei in Acta Botanica Yunnanica 135–144, 1988, as ...reported (Martin in Ethnobotany: A methods manual, Chapman and Hall, 1995)). However, most of the known literature of indigenous knowledge and information regarding the use of local wild plants among Mongolian herders was first documented by several botanical research of Russian researchers in Mongolia through the 1940s and 1950s. One of the most comprehensive works was completed by A. A. Yunatov (1909–1967), which is known as “
Fodder Plants of Pastures and Hayfields of the People
’
s Republic of Mongolia”
(FPM). Yunatov’s research sampled forage plants in Mongolia from 1940 to 1951 and subsequently published a study in 1954. The original transcript of FPM was later translated into Chinese and Mongolian (Cyrillic alphabet) during 1958 and 1968. In addition to morphological characteristics, distribution, habitat, phenology, palatability, and nutrition of forage plants, Yunatov`s record collected local names, the folk understanding and evaluation of the forage, as well as other relevant cultural meanings and the use of local wild plants (collected from the wild as opposed to cultivated plants) in FPM through interviews. The book contains the most precious records created in the 1940s and 1950s on folk knowledge of the Mongolians' wild plants in Mongolia. It was composed of 8 chapters and 351 pages in total. The fifth chapter of FPM, entitled “The systematic overview of forage plants,” making up 272 pages (77.49% of the total page counts). The order and content of the book-oriented along with profiles of specific plants. Yunatov collected detailed information on plants, such as the local name, morphology, distribution, habitats, ecological characteristics, and phenology. He also discussed the palatability of livestock, particular forage use, other usages, and chemical composition. Through careful reading and understanding of all three versions of the book (in Russian, Chinese, and Mongolian (Cyrillic alphabet)), the FPM-listed information of edible plants was categorized using ethnobotanical dependent analysis. The list of edible plants was ranked based on purposes and ethnobotanical inventories as per methodology and analysis used in the ethnobotan
y
research. FPM listed 35 species are part of 15 families and 25 genera of wild edible plants. Most species belong to Liliaceae and Allium. Naturally grown grain and some food substitutes (plants that could be used as substitutions for typical food) come from the starchy organs, such as seeds, bulbs, roots, and rhizomes of 12, accounting for 34.28% of all species. Wild vegetables come from the parts of a young plant, tender leaves, young fruits, lower leg of stems, and bulbs of 9 species, accounting for 25.71% of all species. There are only three species of wild fruits, accounting for 8.57% of all edible plant species. Tea substitutes consist of leaves, roots, follicle, and aboveground parts of 8 wild plant species, accounting for 22.85% of all species. Seasonings from the wild were made of the elements such as seeds, rhizomes, tender leaves of 7 species, accounting for 20.00% of all species (Fig,8). Similarities and differences are noticeable in utilizing wild edible plants among Mongolian populations living in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia. Six species of wild edible plants listed in FPM have been proven to be collected and consumed by Mongolians from the Genghis Khan era in the twelfth century to the present day. This proved that the Mongolians have a tradition of recognizing and utilizing wild plants, demonstrating historical and theoretical value. Seven species of plants mentioned in this book were closely correlated to the locals' processing of traditional dairy products, meat, and milk food. Yunatov was not an ethnobotanist, but his accurate documentation of interviews and surveys with Mongolians represents valuable information about the collection and consumption of local wild plants during 1940–1951 in Mongolia. His research mission meant to focus on forage grass, the feed plant that sustained livestock, while he also recorded plants consumed by humans. His records on the edible parts and intake methods of some plants are incomplete. Still, it provided ethnobotanical materials of a remarkable scientific value and a living history of ethnobotany in Mongolian regions. Even by today`s standards, it will be challenging to obtain first-hand information of the richness and to the extent of Yunatov’s research.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), originating from anthropogenic and natural sources, are highly concerned environmental pollutants. This study investigated the impact of two model PAHs ...(pyrene and phenanthrene) on bacterial community succession in the seagrass meadows sediment in a lab-scale microcosm.
Halophila ovalis
sediment slurry microcosms were established, one group was placed as a control, and the other two were treated with pyrene and phenanthrene. Bacterial community succession in response to respective PAHs was investigated by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The results demonstrated that bacterial diversity decrease in each microcosm during the incubation process; however, the composition of bacterial communities in each microcosm was significantly different. Proteobacteria (37–89%), Firmicutes (9–41%), and Bacteroides (7–21%) were the predominant group at the phylum levels. Their abundance varies during the incubation process. Several previously reported hydrocarbon-degrading genera, such as
Pseudomonas
,
Spinghobium
,
Sphingobacterium
,
Mycobacterium
,
Pseudoxanthomonas
,
Idiomarina
,
Stenotrophomonas
, were detected in higher abundance in pyrene- and phenanthrene-treated microcosms. However, these genera were distinctly distributed in the pyrene and phenanthrene treatments, suggesting that certain bacterial groups favorably degrade different PAHs. Statistical analyses, such as ANOSIM and PERMANOVA, also revealed that significant differences existed among the treatments' bacterial consortia (
P
< 0.05). This work showed that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon significantly affects bacterial community succession, and different PAHs might influence the bacterial community succession differently.
Coral reef ecosystems usually distribute in oligotrophic tropical and subtropical marine environments, but they possess great biodiversity and high productivity. It may attribute to its efficient ...internal nutrient cycle system. However, the knowledge of functional microbial community structure is still limited. In this study, both functional gene array (Geochip 5.0) and
nifH
Illumina sequencing were used to profile the overall functional genes and diazotrophic communities associated with coral
Porites pukoensis
. More than 7500 microbial functional genes were detected from archaea, bacteria, and fungi. Most of these genes are related to the transformation of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, providing evidence that microbes in the coral holobiont play important roles in the biogeochemical cycle of coral reef ecosystems. Our results indicated a high diversity of diazotrophs associated with corals. The dominant diazotrophic groups were related to phyla Alphaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria. And the dominant diazotrophic communities were divided into four clusters. They were affiliated with
nifH
sequences from genera
Zymomonas
,
Halorhodospira
,
Leptolyngbya
,
Trichormus
, and
Desulfovibrio
, indicating these groups may play a more important role in the nitrogen-fixing process in the coral holobiont. This study revealed functional gene diversity and suggested the roles they played in the biogeochemical cycling of the coral holobiont.
Background Salmonella enteritidis ( S. enteritidis ), a zoonotic pathogen with a broad host range, presents a substantial threat to global public health safety. Vaccination stands as an effective ...strategy for the prevention and control of S. enteritidis infection, highlighting an immediate clinical need for the creation of safe and efficient attenuated live vaccines. Methods In this study, a S. enteritidis peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein ( pal ) gene deletion strain (Δ pal ), was constructed. To assess its virulence, we conducted experiments on biofilm formation capability, motility, as well as cell and mouse infection. Subsequently, we evaluated the immune-protective effect of Δ pal . Results It was discovered that deletion of the pal gene reduced the biofilm formation capability and motility of S. enteritidis . Cell infection experiments revealed that the Δ pal strain exhibited significantly decreased abilities in invasion, adhesion, and intracellular survival, with downregulation of virulence gene expression, including mgtC , invH , spvB , sipA , sipB , ssaV , csgA , and pipB . Mouse infection experiments showed that the LD 50 of Δ pal increased by 10 4 times, and its colonization ability in mouse tissue organs was significantly reduced. The results indicated that the pal gene severely affected the virulence of S. enteritidis . Further, immunogenicity evaluation of Δ pal showed a significant enhancement in the lymphocyte transformation proliferation capability of immunized mice, producing high titers of specific IgG and IgA, suggesting that Δ pal possesses good immunogenicity. Challenge protection tests demonstrated that the strain could provide 100% immune protection against wild-type strains in mice. Discussion This study proves that the pal gene influences the virulence of S. enteritidis , and Δ pal could serve as a candidate strain for attenuated live vaccines, laying the foundation for the development of attenuated live vaccines against Salmonella .
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