The investigation of mechanism for electrochemical cycling process has become ever more important in supercapacitor electrode material for achieving higher stability and electrochemical performance. ...Herein, an electrochemical cycling effect has been demonstrated basing on the comprehensive study on the morphological and electronic evolution, which provides an insight into the capacity fluctuation mechanism in a typical MnO2-based supercapacitor. The results reveal that the significant changes of morphologies and chemical valence state of MnO2 take place accompanying with the intercalation of electrolyte ions (i.e. Na+) during the electrochemical cycling process. A structural reconstruction model is established to unravel the origin of microscopic changes of MnO2@carbon nanotubes (MnO2@CNTs) composites electrode and their relationships with the capacity at different electrochemical stages. It was found that the morphological and structural evolution of the electrode should be attributed to the dissolution-redeposition process of MnO2, which governed by the cation distribution near the interface between electrode and electrolyte. The ion intercalation-deintercalation process is evidenced by the oxidation state variations of Mn with the Na+ intercalation amount. Therefore, the capacity performance of MnO2@CNTs was strongly correlated with its structural and chemical states. This work will open up new perspectives for the capacity performance improvement of MnO2-based electrode materials.
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•An obvious electrochemical cycling effect was demonstrated in MnO2.•A structural reconstruction model was established.•It gives a significant insight into the energy storage mechanism of MnO2.
The lateral sealing of a fault plays a pivotal role in the efficacy of a fault trap and its degree of hydrocarbon filling. Nevertheless, the evaluation of this phenomenon remains a challenging task, ...with evaluation methods either unable to accurately reflect subsurface reality or obtaining the necessary parameters difficult. In light of these considerations, a porosity-based fault laterality evaluation method was proposed, with the F1 Fault of the Nanpu No. 5 structure in the Nanpu Sag serving as the research object. First, the relationship between porosity and the product of burial depth and shale content was established using measured porosity, burial depth, and shale content data of the surrounding rocks in the study area. Subsequently, the reservoir rock porosity was obtained by employing logging data or core samples or by calculating the reservoir rock shale content from natural gamma logging data. Concurrently, the shale content of fault rock was calculated using three-dimensional (3D) seismic data, mud logging data, and natural gamma logging data, thereby enabling its porosity to be determined. Finally, the porosity difference between the two was employed to assess the lateral closure of faults. The results indicate that the porosity difference is less than 0 at lines L1~L3 of the F1 Fault, which suggests that the fault is not laterally closed at this site. Conversely, the F1 Fault is laterally sealed at this location, as indicated by the porosity difference being greater than 0 at lines L4~L10. The findings of this evaluation were found to be in close alignment with the actual distribution of oil and water, indicating that the proposed method can accurately evaluate the lateral closure of faults with developed fault rocks and provide valuable guidance for the exploration of faulted oil and gas reservoirs.
It has been extensively proved that the efficacy of epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) is superior to that of cytotoxic chemotherapy in advanced non-small cell ...lung cancer (NSCLC) patients harboring sensitive EGFR mutations. However, the question of whether the efficacy of EGFR-TKIs differs between exon 19 deletion and exon 21 L858R mutation has not been yet statistically answered.
Subgroup data on hazard ratio (HR) for progression-free survival (PFS) of correlative studies were extracted and synthesized based on random-effect model. Comparison of outcomes between specific mutations was estimated through indirect and direct methods, respectively.
A total of 13 studies of advanced NSCLC patients with either 19 or 21 exon alteration receiving first-line EGFR-TKIs were included. Based on the data from six clinical trials for indirect meta-analysis, the pooled HRTKI/chemotherapy for PFS were 0.28 (95% CI 0.20-0.38, P<0.001) in patients with 19 exon deletion and 0.47 (95% CI 0.35-0.64, P<0.001) in those with exon 21 L858R mutation. Indirect comparison revealed that the patients with exon 19 deletion had longer PFS than those with exon 21 L858R mutation (HR19 exon deletion/exon 21 L858R mutation = 0.59, 95% CI 0.38-0.92; P = 0.019). Additionally, direct meta-analysis showed similar result (HR19 exon deletion/exon 21 L858R mutation = 0.75, 95% CI 0.65 to 0.85; P<0.001) by incorporating another seven studies.
For advanced NSCLC patients, exon 19 deletion might be associated with longer PFS compared to L858 mutation at exon 21 after first-line EGFR-TKIs.
Recent randomized phase III trials (KEYNOTE-407 and IMpower131) reported that adding anti-programmed death (ligand) 1 (anti-PD-(L)1) antibodies in combination with taxane-platinum improve the ...therapeutic efficacy for advanced squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, there is no head-to-head comparison of pembrolizumab (anti-PD-1) plus chemotherapy vs. atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1) plus chemotherapy. Therefore, we performed an indirect comparison to explore the optimal choice of anti-PD-(L)1 treatment for advanced squamous NSCLC in combination with chemotherapy. The clinical outcomes were overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR) and adverse event (AE). For overall patients, pembrolizumab had significantly superior OS (hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval, 0.67, 0.47-0.94; P = 0.02) and numerically better PFS (HR, 0.79, 0.60-1.04; P = 0.10) than atezolizumab, while they had similar ORR, all cause AE and grade 3-5 AE. For PD-L1 high patients, pembrolizumab and atezolizumab showed similar OS and PFS. However, for PD-L1 low/negative patients, pembrolizumab had superior OS (HR, 0.43, 0.24-0.76; P < 0.01/ HR, 0.74, 0.40-1.38; P = 0.35) and better PFS (HR, 0.80, 0.51-1.26; P = 0.33/ HR, 0.46, 0.28-0.75; P <0.01) than atezolizumab. Our analysis raises the hypothesis that anti-PD-1 antibody therapy in combination with chemotherapy may have superior efficacy compared to anti-PD-L1 antibody combination for patients with PD-L1 low/negative advanced squamous NSCLC.
Particle pulsation, which includes velocity and force fluctuations, has already widely existed during the discharge from a silo or hopper. To clarify the characteristics of particle pulsation, in ...this work, discharge from a 3D conical silo was simulated using the platform with the discrete element method (DEM). The velocity and total force fluctuations were quantitatively analyzed during the initial duration of the discharge and the relationship between velocity fluctuation and contact force disappearance was investigated. Furthermore, the effects of hopper half angle and static friction coefficient (between particle and wall) on velocity fluctuation and contact force disappearance were discussed. The results indicate that both the velocity and total force fluctuations can be divided into three stages and there is a one-to-one corresponding relationship in the violent fluctuation stage. The crest time of velocity fluctuation is the same as the time of contact force disappearance (i.e., particle motion is freely falling body) which only occurs in the violent fluctuation stage. Compared to the larger hopper half angle, the velocity fluctuation exhibits a larger amplitude and higher frequency and the contact force disappearance frequently occurs at the smaller hopper half angle. The velocity fluctuation presents an irregular small amplitude, with no occurrences of contact force disappearance below the critical value of the static friction coefficient, while the velocity fluctuation shows a regular large amplitude, with occurrences of contact force disappearance beyond the critical value. The results are useful for understanding the dynamic behavior of a rice particle during discharge from the conical silo.
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•There is a one-one correspondence between velocity and total force fluctuation.•The crest of velocity fluctuation is the same as that of contact force disappearance.•The Hopper half angle affects velocity fluctuation and contact force disappearance.•Critical static friction estimates whether contact force disappearance occurs.
Pulmonary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC) is a rare and distinct subtype of primary lung cancer characterized by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Herein, we reported the mutational ...landscape of pulmonary LELC using whole-exome sequencing, targeted deep sequencing and single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays. We identify a low degree of somatic mutation but widespread existence of copy number variations. We reveal predominant signature 2 mutations and frequent loss of type I interferon genes that are involved in the host-virus counteraction. Integrated analysis shows enrichment of genetic lesions affecting several critical pathways, including NF-κB, JAK/STAT, and cell cycle. Notably, multi-dimensional comparison unveils that pulmonary LELC resemble NPC but are clearly different from other lung cancers, natural killer/T-cell lymphoma or EBV-related gastric cancer in terms of genetic features. In all, our study illustrates a distinct genomic landscape of pulmonary LELC and provides a road map to facilitate genome-guided personalized treatment.
This paper uses an optimal interregional input-output model to focus on how interregional industrial shifts alone might enable China to reduce carbon intensity instead of national shifts. The optimal ...industry shifts assure integration of all regions by regional products and goods in which carbon emissions are embodied via energy consumption. Generally speaking, high-tech industries concentrate in affluent regions to replace construction. Selected services increase output shares across most of regions. Meanwhile, energy-intensive manufacturing, rather than agriculture, decrease their shares to achieve the national annual growth constrained by nation’s carbon targets. Due to the need to decelerate energy use, carbon intensity goal puts particularly extreme pressure on less-developed regions to shutter heavy industries. Explicit shifts toward cleaner resources and renewable energy appear to be quite important for coal mines in Central China.
•The model optimizes GDP constrained by industry-based emissions targets.•Scenario on carbon intensity, growth rate, energy mix, and technology advance.•Interregional I-O table informs technology, industry mix, and interregional trade.•China could raise the output of high-tech in South Coast and of selected services.•Shifts toward cleaner resources and renewable energy are important in the Central.
The role of ITH in melanoma, esophageal and gastric cancer, head and neck cancer, and kidney cancer is acceptable, which will further expand the cancer types for potential applications of ITH. ...the ...study did not explore the relationship between ITH and common immunotherapy-related biomarkers, such as PD-L1 expression and microsatellite instability. Whether there is consistency between tissue and plasma based ITH estimation is also not covered in our study. ...the biological explanation of how ITH function in tumor progression remain unclear. ...all data in this study are retrospective, and follow-up data validation is still required.
This paper presents a numerical study on the particle conveying in a feed screw section of vertical rice mill based on the discrete element method. The effects of key parameters, including rotational ...speed, height and type of feed inlet, are investigated by a series of controlled numerical experiments. The results showed that the better uniformity of flow pattern within the conical hopper is achieved when the drawdown index is less than 0.06; mean residence time and variance of residence time values gradually decrease when the cutting edge of feed inlet changes clockwise. The effects of rotational speed and height of feed inlet on quantitative variations of conveying performance are significant. In particular, the relationship between microscopic flow characteristics of the particles and macro performances of screw conveying can be described based on the method of polynomial fitting. The findings are useful to understand particle conveying of a vertical feed screw section that applies the lateral hopper-feeding form.
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•A drawdown index quantified the uniformity of flow pattern within the hopper.•Feed inlet greatly affected residence time distribution of tracer particles.•Feed inlet shape had little influence on mass flow rate for free-flowing particles.•Filling density within casing was increased with decreasing the rotational speed.•Modest deflection angle of cutting edge was beneficial to energy efficiency.
In order to study the distribution pattern of hydrocarbons in the shallow layer of the slope area outside of the source in the hydrocarbon-bearing basin, we built a method to predict the favorable ...site of the fault that adjusts hydrocarbon to the shallow layer in the slope area outside of the source based on the investigation of the mechanism of hydrocarbon adjustment along a conduit fault to a shallow layer. The predicted favorable site is found to be the overlapping area of three sites: the locations of the sand carrier with a lateral supply of hydrocarbon, the transport sites of conduit faults, and the hydrocarbon leakage parts of overlying regional mudstone seal rock. We applied the method in a case study of the favorable sites of the Zhaobei Fault that adjust the hydrocarbon from the lower sub-member within the first member of Shahejie Formation (Es1L) to the shallow Guantao Formation in the Qikou Sag of Bohai Bay Basin. Our prediction shows that the favorable sites are mostly located in the middle part of the Zhaobei Fault with very limited distribution in the east, which are conducive to the oil and gas supplied by the underlying sand carrier in the Es1L Formation to convergence and accumulation in the shallow Guantao Formation. This result is consistent with the distribution of the hydrocarbon in the Guantao Formation located in the middle parts of the Zhaobei Fault, proving that this method is feasible for the prediction of the favorable sites of the fault that adjust hydrocarbon to the shallow layer in the slope area outside of source.
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