Extreme heat is already occurring more frequently and with greater intensity, with this trend predicted to continue. Exposure to extreme heat causes labor supply declines, but studies to quantify the ...economic effects from future climate changes are limited. In this study, we adopt two different exposure-response functions relating extreme heat to the loss of labor working minutes or labor productivity. We estimate that temperature differences between 2006 and 2016 relative to 1980–1990 led to labor losses of ~$1.7 billion annually in the USA. Under the high emissions RCP8.5 scenario, approximately 1–1.8 billion workforce hours will be lost annually in the 2050s, and 1.5–4.4 billion hours will be lost by the 2100s, depending on the exposure-response function used. The lost hours lead to an estimated $51–119 billion in losses by the 2100s, without considering future climate adaptation, demographic, employment, wage structure, or economic changes. Whereas 2006–2016 losses correspond to 0.07% of the 2016 GDP, the 2100s losses rise roughly fourfold to 0.3%, which are mainly caused by the increases of extreme heat conditions with population growth a secondary factor. With the climate change mitigation strategies of the RCP4.5 scenario, 600–2600 million hours of lost labor per year could be avoided in the 2100s, saving $20–78 billion depending on the chosen exposure-response function. We also evaluated the effect of decarbonizing the energy sector in a manner consistent with the 1.5 °C target of the Paris Agreement, finding that these lead to ~77 million avoided lost work hours worth ~$2.5 billion annually by the 2050s with global collaboration but insignificant impacts with US action alone. Though uncertainties and limitations exist in the study, we find that extreme heat will cause large economic losses to US businesses, especially in southern states (from California to Florida), though widespread climate change mitigation has the potential to substantially reduce these losses. We find that uncertainties among the exposure-response functions used to derive the economic effects of extreme heat on labor are much larger than those from the climate models. Previous studies using only one exposure-response function may exhibit substantial biases and likely underestimate uncertainties associated with the effect of climate changes on labor.
The technological transformation of big data, artificial intelligence, mobile internet and cloud computing have promoted the transformation of enterprise business model, and the experimental teaching ...in colleges and universities also needs to be reformed. Based on the business integration experiment teaching, this paper puts forward some thoughts on how to reform the experiment teaching from the aspects of teaching scene design, teaching scene selection, teaching scene interest, teaching method design and so on; It is proposed that the business integration experiment should pay attention to the students' experience, enhance the enthusiasm and initiative of the students in the experimental teaching, strengthen the training of the students' data thinking ability, and cultivate the students' data analysis ability under the integration of industry and finance.
Working in hot and potentially humid conditions creates health and well-being risks that will increase as the planet warms. It has been proposed that workers could adapt to increasing temperatures by ...moving labor from midday to cooler hours. Here, we use reanalysis data to show that in the current climate approximately 30% of global heavy labor losses in the workday could be recovered by moving labor from the hottest hours of the day. However, we show that this particular workshift adaptation potential is lost at a rate of about 2% per degree of global warming as early morning heat exposure rises to unsafe levels for continuous work, with worker productivity losses accelerating under higher warming levels. These findings emphasize the importance of finding alternative adaptation mechanisms to keep workers safe, as well as the importance of limiting global warming.
Abstract
Heat-induced labor loss is a major economic cost related to climate change. Here, we use hourly heat stress data modeled with a regional climate model to investigate the heat-induced labor ...loss in 231 Chinese cities. Results indicate that future urban heat stress is projected to cause an increase in labor losses exceeding 0.20% of the total account gross domestic product (GDP) per year by the 2050s relative to the 2010s. In this process, certain lower-paid sectors could be disproportionately impacted. The implementation of various urban adaptation strategies could offset 10% of the additional economic loss per year and help reduce the inequality-related impact on lower-paid sectors. So future urban warming can not only damage cities as a whole but can also contribute to income inequality. The implication of adaptation strategies should be considered in regard to not only cooling requirements but also environmental justice.
NPR1 (NONEXPRESSER OF PR GENES1) functions as a master regulator of the plant hormone salicylic acid (SA) signaling and plays an essential role in plant immunity. In the nucleus, NPR1 interacts with ...transcription factors to induce the expression of
(
-
) genes and thereby promote defense responses. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of
gene activation is poorly understood. Furthermore, despite the importance of NPR1 in plant immunity, the regulation of
expression has not been extensively studied. Here, we show that SA promotes the interaction of NPR1 with both CDK8 (CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE8) and WRKY18 (WRKY DNA-BINDING PROTEIN18) in Arabidopsis (
). NPR1 recruits CDK8 and WRKY18 to the
promoter, facilitating its own expression. Intriguingly, CDK8 and its associated Mediator subunits positively regulate
and
expression and play a pivotal role in local and systemic immunity. Moreover, CDK8 interacts with WRKY6, WRKY18, and TGA transcription factors and brings RNA polymerase II to
and
promoters and coding regions to facilitate their expression. Our studies reveal a mechanism in which NPR1 recruits CDK8, WRKY18, and TGA transcription factors along with RNA polymerase II in the presence of SA and thereby facilitates its own and target gene expression for the establishment of plant immunity.
Exposure to elevated surface ozone is damaging to crops. In this
study, we performed an analysis of temporal and spatial distributions of
relative yield losses (RYLs) attributable to surface ozone ...for major crops
in China from 2010 to 2017, by applying AOT40 metrics (hourly ozone
concentration over a threshold of 40 ppbv during the growing season)
simulated using a chemical transport model. The major crops in China include
wheat, rice (including double early and late rice, and single rice), maize
(including north and south maize), and soybean. The aggregated production
and associated economic losses in China and major provinces were evaluated
by combing annual crop production yields and crop market prices. We
estimated that the national annual average AOT40 in China increased from
21.98 ppm h in 2010 to 23.85 ppm h in 2017, with a peak value of 35.69 ppm h
in 2014, as simulated with the model. There is significant spatial
heterogeneity for the AOT40 and RYLs across the four crops due to the
seasonal ozone variations. We calculated that national mean RYLs for wheat,
rice, maize, and soybean were 11.45 %–19.74 %, 7.59 %–9.29 %,
0.07 %–3.35 %, and 6.51 %–9.92 %, respectively, from 2010 to 2017. The
associated crop yield losses were estimated at 13.81–36.51, 16.89–20.03, 4.59–8.17, and 1.09–1.84 million metric
tons (Mt) respectively,
which accounted for annual average economic loss of USD 9.55 billion,
USD 8.53 billion, USD 2.23 billion, and USD 1.16 billion individually over the
8 years. Our study provides the first long-term quantitative estimation of
crop yield losses and their economic cost from surface ozone exposure in
China before and after the China Clean Air Act in 2013, and improves
understanding of the spatial sensitivity of Chinese crops to ozone impacts.
Aerosol direct effects (ADEs), i.e., scattering and absorption of incoming solar radiation, reduce radiation reaching the ground and the resultant photolysis attenuation can decrease ozone (O
) ...formation in polluted areas. One the other hand, evidence also suggests that ADE-associated cooling suppresses atmospheric ventilation, thereby enhancing surface-level O
. Assessment of ADE impacts is thus important for understanding emission reduction strategies that seek co-benefits associated with reductions in both particuate matter and O
levels. This study quantifies the impacts of ADEs on tropospheric ozone by using a two-way online coupled meteorology and atmospheric chemistry model, WRF- CMAQ, using a process analysis methodology. Two mani-festations of ADE impacts on O3 including changes in atmospheric dynamics (ᐃDynamics) and changes in photolysis rates (∆Photolysis) were assessed separately through multiple scenario simulations for January and July of 2013 over China. Results suggest that ADEs reduced surface daily maxima 1 h O
(DM1O
) in China by up to 39μgm
through the combination of ∆Dynamics and ∆Photolysis in January but enhanced surface DM1O
by up to 4μgm
in July. Increased O
in July is largely attributed to ∆Dynamics, which causes a weaker O
sink of dry deposition and a stronger O
source of photochemistry due to the stabilization of the at-mosphere. Meanwhile, surface OH is also enhanced at noon in July, though its daytime average values are reduced in January. An increased OH chain length and a shift towards more volatile organic compound (VOC)-limited conditions are found due to ADEs in both January and July. This study suggests that reducing ADEs may have the potential risk of increasing O
in winter, but it will benefit the reduction in maxima O
in summer.
Ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2) is a major biological component of ginseng that exerts antitumor activities in multiple cancers including Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers (NSCLCs). Rh2 also enhances the anti-tumor ...effects of various chemotherapy drugs including cisplatin at relatively low concentrations. Here, the mechanistic role of Rh2 in chemotherapy-treated NSCLCs will be investigated.
In this study, FACS, western blot and siRNA addition were used to analyze the role of Rh2 in cisplatin- treated lung adenocarcinoma A549 and H1299 cells.
Subsequent observations indicated that Rh2 enhanced cisplatin-induced NSCLCs A549 and H1299 cells apoptosis. Cisplatin-induced productive autophagy was repressed by Rh2 in A549 cells. Rh2 also enhanced cisplatin cytotoxicity by elevating superoxide dismutase activity and repressing cisplatin-induced superoxide generation. Conversely, Rh2 was found to repress cisplatin-induced phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, protein kinase B, and autophagy. Cisplatin-induced Programmed Death- Ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression was repressed by Rh2 via the superoxide.
These findings suggest that Rh2 enhanced the function of cisplatin by repressing superoxide generation, PD-L1 expression, and autophagy in lung adenocarcinoma cells.
A new method for studying the two-dimensional spreading properties and sealing characteristics of surfactant solution on oil surface was provided. The actual spreading situation of the C4-Br/oil ...systems in axisymmetric geometry was observed directly using HD camera for the first time and the results showed that the aqueous film expanded outwards in a circle with the guiding device as the center. Meanwhile, the relation between spreading radius and time was investigated and evaluated using the model for surface-tension-viscous regime. The root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) values obtained from the correlation for all of the systems we studied below 1.64, indicating a good agreement between the experimental and theoretical values. The results of sealing experiments showed that the aqueous film could absolutely seal the oil surface for 27-65 s and the sealing effect would be lost after 216-742 s for different systems. The stronger the volatility was, the shorter the sealing time was. Additionally, the volume percentage of oil vapor with film was always lower than that without film even when the evaporation was saturated. These findings were of great significance to guide the preparation of efficient AFFF.
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