Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is complex, chronic, and relapsing gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders, which includes mainly two conditions, namely ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease ...(CD). Development of IBD in any individual is closely related to his/her autoimmune regulation, gene‐microbiota interactions, and dietary factors. Dietary tryptophan (Trp) is an essential amino acid for intestinal mucosal cells, and it is associated with the intestinal inflammation, epithelial barrier, and energy homeostasis of the host. According to recent studies, Trp and its three major metabolic pathways, namely kynurenine (KYN) pathway, indole pathway, and 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) pathway, have vital roles in the regulation of intestinal inflammation by acting directly or indirectly on the pro/anti‐inflammatory cytokines, functions of various immune cells, as well as the intestinal microbial composition and homeostasis. In this review, recent advances in Trp‐ and its metabolites‐associated intestinal inflammation are summarized. It further discusses the complex mechanisms and interrelationships of the three major metabolic pathways of Trp in regulating inflammation, which could elucidate the value of dietary Trp to be used as a nutrient for IBD patients.
This review discusses the metabolism of dietary tryptophan in three major pathways, namely kynurenine pathway, indole pathway, and 5‐hydroxytryptamine pathway. It also provides an insight into the role of tryptophan in regulating intestinal inflammation by stimulating the secretion of pro/anti‐inflammatory cytokines, improving the functions of various immune cells, and influencing the intestinal microbial composition.
Summary
In recent years, consumers have been demanding convenient and healthy foods which have ‘fresh‐like’ characteristics while still being safe and a long shelf‐life. These requirements are hard ...to achieve using existing traditional thermal food processing technologies and the innovative new food process and preservation technologies based on thermal processing systems are needed. However, non‐thermal technologies in food processing do not generate high temperature and use short treatment times. This means that the nutritional components of foodstuffs are better retained, and the sensory properties of foods are less changed compared with traditional thermal processing. The aim of this review was to present non‐thermal technologies applications and its mechanism in food industry in recently, and to explore the potential application prospects of combining non‐thermal treatments applied in food industry because it not only could overcomes the drawback of single technology, but also can enhances the processing efficiency at lower treatment intensity.
The main nonthermal technologies were used in the food processing, and the combining non‐thermal technologies will become the research direction.
As an integral part of many important enzymes, Cu2+ is involved in a number of vital biological processes, which is linked to the oxidative damage and environmental contamination when Cu2+ is ...excessive. In this work, Cu2+ can be captured by the amino groups of carbon dots (CDs) to form complexes, resulting in a strong fluorescence quenching of CDs via a nonradiative electron transfer process, which offered a rapid, visual, and selective methodology for Cu2+ detection. The probe exhibited a wide response concentration range (0.01–2μM) to Cu2+ with a detection limit of 6.7nM. Significantly, the CDs presented excellent biocompatibility and high photostability, which were applicable for the visualization of Cu2+ dynamic invasion into living cells and Tilapia mossambica. Furthermore, the toxicity of Cu2+ ions to living cells could be inhibited with CDs by the formation of complexes.
•PEI-CDs could complex with Cu2+ ions, leading to the fluorescence quenching of CDs via an electron transfer process.•The monitoring of the cellular activities of Cu2+ was achieved with PEI-CDs under confocal microscopic.•PEI-CDs have promising applications in inhibiting of the toxicity of copper ions.
A dual mode fluorescent probe, which is based on an integration of fluorescein and coumarin fluorophores, was developed for the discrimination of Cys from Hcy and GSH. This probe (2) shows the ...advantage of quick reaction (5 min) with Cys, resulting in a strong fluorescence turn-on response when excited at 450 nm. Notably, it also demonstrates the ratiometric fluorescence property while excited by a shorter wavelength (332 nm). All of results suggest probe 2 has a high selectivity toward Cys even in the presence of other amino acids, cations and anions. The detection limit of Cys was calculated as 0.084 μM, which was much lower than the intracellular concentration. 1H NMR, MS and DFT calculation were used to reveal the detection mechanism further. Finally, this low cytotoxic probe was successfully applied in bioimaging within HepG2 cells.
Mounting evidence indicates that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) could play a pivotal role in cancer biology. However, the overall biological role and clinical significance of PVT1 in gastric ...carcinogenesis remains largely unknown.
Expression of PVT1 was analyzed in 80 GC tissues and cell lines by qRT-PCR. The effect of PVT1 on proliferation was evaluated by MTT and colony formation assays, and cell apoptosis was evaluated by Flow-cytometric analysis. GC cells transfected with shPVT1 were injected into nude mice to study the effect of PVT1 on tumorigenesis in vivo. RIP was performed to confirm the interaction between PVT1 and EZH2. ChIP was used to study the promoter region of related genes.
The higher expression of PVT1 was significantly correlated with deeper invasion depth and advanced TNM stage. Multivariate analyses revealed that PVT1 expression served as an independent predictor for overall survival (p = 0.031). Further experiments demonstrated that PVT1 knockdown significantly inhibited the proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, we also showed that PVT1 played a key role in G1 arrest. Moreover, we further confirmed that PVT1 was associated with enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) and that this association was required for the repression of p15 and p16. To our knowledge, this is the first report showed that the role and the mechanism of PVT1 in the progression of gastric cancer.
Together, these results suggest that lncRNA PVT1 may serve as a candidate prognostic biomarker and target for new therapies in human gastric cancer.
Polysaccharides are natural polymer compounds widely distributed in plants, animals, and microorganisms, most of which have a broad spectrum of biological activities to promote human health. They ...could also be used as texture modifiers in food industry due to their excellent rheological and mechanical properties. Many researchers have shown that nonthermal processing technologies have numerous advantages, such as high extraction efficiency, short extraction time, and environmental friendliness, in the extraction of polysaccharides compared with the traditional extraction methods. Moreover, nonthermal technologies could effectively change the physicochemical properties and structural characteristics of polysaccharides to improve their biological activities or processing properties. Therefore, a comprehensive summary about the extraction and modification of polysaccharides by nonthermal technologies, including ultrasound, high hydrostatic pressure, pulsed electric fields, and cold plasma, was provided in this review. In particular, the underlying mechanisms, processing operations, and current application status of these technologies were discussed. In addition, the applications of combining nonthermal techniques with other technological methods in polysaccharide extraction and modification were briefly introduced.
SUMMARY
Abscisic acid (ABA) is involved in salt and drought stress responses, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that the overexpression of MdMYB44‐like, an ...R2R3‐MYB transcription factor, significantly increases the salt and drought tolerance of transgenic apples and Arabidopsis. MdMYB44‐like inhibits the transcription of MdPP2CA, which encodes a type 2C protein phosphatase that acts as a negative regulator in the ABA response, thereby enhancing ABA signaling‐mediated salt and drought tolerance. Furthermore, we found that MdMYB44‐like and MdPYL8, an ABA receptor, form a protein complex that further enhances the transcriptional inhibition of the MdPP2CA promoter by MdMYB44‐like. Significantly, we discovered that MdPP2CA can interfere with the physical association between MdMYB44‐like and MdPYL8 in the presence of ABA, partially blocking the inhibitory effect of the MdMYB44‐like–MdPYL8 complex on the MdPP2CA promoter. Thus, MdMYB44‐like, MdPYL8, and MdPP2CA form a regulatory loop that tightly modulates ABA signaling homeostasis under salt and drought stress. Our data reveal that MdMYB44‐like precisely modulates ABA‐mediated salt and drought tolerance in apples through the MdPYL8–MdPP2CA module.
Significance Statement
Under salt and drought stress, ABA promotes MdMYB44‐like gene expression, and MdPYL8 interacts with MdMYB44‐like to form a protein complex that further strengthens the transcriptional inhibition of MdMYB44‐like on the MdPP2CA promoter. Interestingly, MdPP2CA interferes with the interaction between MdMYB44‐like and MdPYL8 in the presence of ABA, thereby reducing the transcriptional inhibition of MdPP2CA by the MdMYB44‐like‐MdPYL8 complex and thus balancing ABA signaling in plants.
The whey protein isolate-kale leaves chlorophyll (WPI-CH) microcapsules were prepared by spray drying in this work. Results from Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR) showed that WPI-CH ...microcapsules were successfully obtained by forming the hydrogen bonds between WPI and chlorophyll, which resulted in shifting of the absorption band at 1074 cm−1 to 1078 cm−1 with a new absorption band revealed in 1049 cm−1. Effect of inlet air drying temperatures on the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of WPI-CH microcapsules were investigated. The result revealed that the moisture content of WPI-CH (20% addition) microcapsule was decreased by 21.1% with the inlet air drying temperature increased from 120 to 180 °C. Moreover, the encapsulation efficiency and solubility of chlorophyll were enhanced by 3.78% and 7.79%, respectively. Furthermore, DPPH scavenging capacity of WPI-CH microcapsules under different addition of chlorophyll were increased from 42.9% to 74.3%, 52.7%–82.7% and 71.8%–85.3%, respectively.
•Successful application of spray drying for microencapsulation of chlorophyll.•Higher inlet air drying temperature can increase EE (%) of chlorophyll.•Higher inlet air drying temperature also can increase solubility of chlorophyll.•DPPH scavenging activity of WPI-CH was increased with drying temperature increased.
Stacked 2D perovskites provide more possibilities for next generation photodetector with more new features. Compared with its excellent optoelectronic properties, the good dielectric performance of ...metal halide perovskite rarely comes into notice. Here, a bifunctional perovskite based photovoltaic detector capable of two wavelength demultiplexing is demonstrated. In the Black Phosphorus/Perovskite/MoS2 structured photodetector, the comprehensive utilization of the photosensitive and dielectric properties of 2D perovskite allows the device to work in different modes. The device shows normal continuous photoresponse under 405 nm, while it shows a transient spike response to visible light with longer wavelengths. The linear dynamic range, rise/decay time, and self‐powered responsivity under 405 nm can reach 100, 38 µs/50 µs, and 17.7 mA W‐1, respectively. It is demonstrated that the transient spike photocurrent with long wavelength exposure is related to the illumination intensity and can coexist with normal photoresponse. Two waveband‐dependent signals can be identified and used to reflect more information simultaneously. This work provides a new strategy for multispectral detection and demultiplexing, which can be used to improve data transfer rates and encrypted communications. This work mode can inspire more multispectral photodetectors with different stacked 2D materials, especially to the optoelectronic application of the wide bandgap, high dielectric photosensitive materials.
By employing the photosensitive dielectric property of 2D perovskite, this work provided a demonstration of a bi‐functional photovoltaic detector. A normal response of 405‐nm light and a spike response of long wavelength coexist in this device. The spike response is a result of the dielectric property of 2D perovskite and can be used for two‐wavelength demultiplexing.
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•Betalains extracted from red dragon fruit peel was unstable >60 °C storage condition.•Ultrasound method (200 W, 5 min) could significantly increase EE(%) of betalains.•BM treated by ...ultrasound has better physicochemical properties than control sample.
Natural betalains can be potential food additives because of their antioxidant activities, but they have poor thermal stability. In this study, betalains were extracted from red dragon fruit peel, and then encapsulated with maltodextrin by ultrasound method to increase the physicochemical properties of betalains microcapsules. The encapsulation efficiency of the betalains was above 79%, and the particle size and Zeta potential values were 275.46 nm and −29.01 mV, respectively. Compared to the control sample, onset temperature and DPPH free radical scavenging of betalains microcapsules under the modest ultrasound treatment (200 W, 5 min) was increased by 1.6 °C and 12.24%, respectively. This increase could be due to the ability of ultrasonification to create interactions between maltodextrin and betalains (as evidenced by FT-IR). Therefore, modest ultrasound treatment can be used for microcapsulation to improve the stability of betalains, and then expand the application of betalains in heat processed food field.
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