Land surface temperature (LST) is an important physical quantity at the land-atmosphere interface. Since 2016 the Collection 6 (C6) MODIS LST product is publicly available, which includes three ...refinements over bare soil surfaces compared to the Collection 5 (C5) MODIS LST product. To encourage the use of the C6 MODIS LST product in a wide range of applications, it is necessary to evaluate the accuracy of the C6 MODIS LST product. In this study, we validated the C6 MODIS LST product using temperature-based method over various land cover types, including grasslands, croplands, cropland/natural vegetation mosaic, open shrublands, woody savannas, and barren/sparsely vegetated. In situ measurements were collected from various sites under different atmospheric and surface conditions, including seven SURFRAD sites (BND, TBL, DRA, FPK, GCM, PSU, and SXF) in the United States, three KIT sites (EVO, KAL, and GBB) in Portugal and Namibia, and three HiWATER sites (GBZ, HZZ, and HMZ) in China. The spatial representativeness of the in situ measurements at each site was separately evaluated during daytime and nighttime using all available clear-sky ASTER LST products at 90 m spatial resolution. Only six sites during daytime are selected as sufficiently homogeneous sites despite the usually high spatial thermal heterogeneity, whereas during nighttime most sites can be considered to be thermally homogeneous and have similar LST and air temperature. The C6 MODIS LST product was validated using in situ measurements from the selected homogeneous sites during daytime and nighttime: except for the GBB site, large RMSE values (>2 K) were obtained during daytime. However, if only satellite LST with a high spatial thermal homogeneity on the MODIS pixel scale are used for LST validation, the best daytime accuracy (RMSE <1.3 K) for the C6 MODIS LST product is achieved over the BND and DRA sites. Except for the DRA site, the RMSE values during nighttime are <2 K at the selected homogeneous sites. Furthermore, the accuracy of the C6 MODIS LST product was compared with that of the C5 MODIS LST product during nighttime at the selected homogeneous sites. Except for the GBB site, there are only small differences (<0.4 K) between the RMSE values for the C5 and C6 MODIS LST products.
•C6 MODIS LST product was validated using the temperature-based method.•We compared with C5 and C6 MODIS LST products over various land cover types.•Except for bare soil sites, the RMSE difference between C5 and C6 is <0.4 K.•The existing issues of C6 MODIS LST product were analyzed and discussed.
Avoiding buried voids
The buried interfaces of perovskite solar cells are difficult to alter after synthesis. During manufacture, Chen
et al
. removed perovskite films with dimethyl sulfoxide solvent ...from the hole-transfer layer and observed a substantial void fraction that degraded film performance. Replacing most of the dimethyl sulfoxide with carbohydrazide, a lead-coordinating compound with a much higher boiling point, eliminated voids. Such solar cells maintained high power conversion efficiency after 550 hours of operation at 60°C. —PDS
A solid-state lead-coordinating compound removed detrimental voids at buried perovskite-substrate interfaces.
The interfaces of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are important in determining their efficiency and stability, but the morphology and stability of imbedded perovskite-substrate interfaces have received less attention than have top interfaces. We found that dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), which is a liquid additive broadly applied to enhance perovskite film morphology, was trapped during film formation and led to voids at perovskite-substrate interfaces that accelerated the film degradation under illumination. Partial replacement of DMSO with solid-state carbohydrazide reduces interfacial voids. A maximum stabilized power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.6% was realized for blade-coated p-type/intrinsic/n-type (p-i-n) structure PSCs with no efficiency loss after 550-hour operational stability tests at 60°C. The perovskite mini-modules showed certified PCEs of 19.3 and 19.2%, with aperture areas of 18.1 and 50.0 square centimeters, respectively.
Land surface temperature (LST) is an important parameter associated with the land-atmosphere interface. Satellite remote sensing is the most effective method of measuring LST at regional and global ...scales. Satellite thermal infrared (TIR) measurements are widely used to retrieve LST with high accuracy and high spatial resolution but are limited to cloud-free conditions due to their inability to penetrate clouds. By contrast, satellite passive microwave (PMW) measurements are capable of penetrating clouds and providing data regardless of the cloud conditions. However, PMW measurements have limitations, such as a low spatial resolution and low temperature retrieval accuracy. Furthermore, temperature retrieval from PMW measurements yields the subsurface temperature, which differs from the LST retrieved from TIR measurements (skin temperature). This study proposes a framework for the retrieval of all-weather LST at a high spatial resolution by combining the advantages of TIR and PMW measurements. Compared to the MODIS LST product, the all-weather LST reflects the spatial variations in LST accurately. In situ LST measurements at four sites in an arid area of northwest China were used to evaluate the accuracy of the all-weather LST. The root mean square error of the LST under cloud-free conditions was approximately 2K, whereas that of the LST under cloudy conditions varied from 3.5K to 4.4K. The results indicate that the all-weather LST retrieval algorithm can provide an LST dataset with reasonable accuracy and a high spatial resolution under clear and cloudy conditions.
•We propose a framework for an all-weather LST retrieval algorithm.•The algorithm combines the advantages of TIR and PMW measurements.•The all-weather LST accurately reflects the spatial variations in LST.•The all-weather LST was evaluated using in situ LST measurements.
This study aimed to investigate the clinical effect of the encircling fixation of a transplanted palmaris longus tendon in the treatment of Doyle types II and III mallet finger.
There were 115 cases ...of mallet finger deformity with Zone 1 extensor tendon rupture and defect. After debridement by first intention, the tendon bundles of the palmaris longus tendon were used to pass through the subcutaneous tunnel on the volar side of the base of distal phalanx, forming an encircling binding, crossing on the dorsal side. The tail of the tendon was then overlapped with the proximal extensor tendon and sutured. The finger extension position was fixed with plaster for four weeks. If the skin defect could not be closed directly, depending on the size of the skin defect, either a local turndown flap or a pedicled flap was used to cover the wound.
The patients were followed up for 3–12 months after the operation. According to Total Active Motion criteria, the clinical effect was excellent in 89 cases, good in 16 cases, acceptable in 7 cases, poor in 2 cases and inferior in 1 case. Conclusion: The treatment of Doyle types II and type III mallet finger with the encircling fixation of a transplanted palmaris longus tendon is simple and effective, with a low recurrence rate, few complications, and satisfactory results.
In this paper, we develop a novel extended state observer (ESO), in terms of tracking error only, for output tracking of a class of multi-input multioutput systems with mismatched uncertainty. A ...novel ESO is constructed from the nonsmooth function "fal" to estimate both uncertainty and state of the system. An ESO-based output feedback controller is then designed to compensate (cancel) the uncertainty and to achieve the output tracking. The convergence of the closed-loop system is proved. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by numerical results of trajectory tracking for a practical autonomous underwater vehicle model. We show that in the presence of measurement noise, this novel ESO leads to better performance than the linear ESO. Moreover, this type of ESO has much smaller peaking value than the linear ESO under the same tuning gain.
The cyclic dinucleotide c-di-GMP has emerged in the last decade as a prevalent intracellular messenger that orchestrates the transition between the motile and sessile lifestyles of many bacterial ...species. The motile-to-sessile transition is often associated with the formation of extracellular matrix-encased biofilm, an organized community of bacterial cells that often contributes to antibiotic resistance and host-pathogen interaction. It is increasingly clear that c-di-GMP controls motility, biofilm formation and bacterial pathogenicity partially through regulating the production of exopolysaccharides (EPS) and small-molecule secondary metabolites. This review summarizes our current understanding of the regulation of EPS biosynthesis by c-di-GMP in a diversity of bacterial species and highlights the emerging role of c-di-GMP in the biosynthesis of small-molecule secondary metabolites.
This study reports a microfluidic chip-based wearable colorimetric sensor for detecting sweat glucose. The device consisted of five microfluidic channels branching out from the center and connected ...to the detection microchambers. The microchannels could route the sweat excreted from the epidermis to the microchambers, and each of them was integrated with a check valve to avoid the risk of the backflow of the chemical reagents from the microchamber. The microchambers contained the pre-embedded glucose oxidase (GOD)–peroxidase–o-dianisidine reagents for sensing the glucose in sweat. It was found that the color change caused by the enzymatic oxidation of o-dianisidine could show a more sensitive response to the glucose than that of the conventional GOD–peroxidase–KI system. This sensor could perform five parallel detections at one time. The obtained linear range for sweat glucose was 0.1–0.5 mM with a limit of detection of 0.03 mM. The sensor was also used to detect the glucose in sweat samples from a group of subjects engaged in both fasting and postprandial trials. The results showed that our wearable colorimetric sensor can reveal the subtle differences existing in the sweat glucose concentration after the fasting and the oral glucose uptake.
With the development and progress of society, traditional painting creation techniques cannot realize the development needs of modern society for paintings, and it is necessary to constantly innovate ...and improve the painting creation techniques. Based on the structure of the generative adversarial network, this paper utilizes the one-dimensional midpoint substitution method and dichotomous method to generate the rock outline in painting creation and combines the generative adversarial network to establish the style migration model of modern painting creation techniques and morphological language. Unity was used to construct the validation dataset, and for the style migration of painting creation techniques, we verified it in terms of stroke curvature, FID value, and peak signal-to-noise ratio, and analyzed the evolution of painting creation techniques and morphology language. The results show that the difference in stroke curvature before and after the contour migration of painting creation techniques is 3.27, the peak signal-to-noise ratio reaches 25.43 dB, and the evolution of comprehensive painting in creation techniques is in an upward trend, with an average annual growth rate of 13.07% from 2012 to 2020. Generative adversarial networks can be used in modern painting creation techniques to increase the richness of paintings and establish a spiritual connection between painters and audiences.
Abstract
Chinese courts have applied the doctrine of forum non conveniens since the 1990s. The Chinese Supreme Court has confirmed the judicial practice in its judicial interpretations. However, the ...doctrine that has actually been engaged in the Chinese courts is based on the inconvenience approach to avoid inconvenience to Chinese courts. Recently, the newly amended Chinese Civil Procedure Law formally enacted this doctrine in a different way. The new doctrine of forum non conveniens considers the factor of inconvenience to the parties, removes the condition of involvement of Chinese parties’ interests, and provides procedural remedies after dismissing actions. This new doctrine of forum non conveniens in Chinese law comes close to the doctrine of forum non conveniens in common law, which is based on an approach for the interests of all parties. This article reviews the development of the Chinese doctrine of forum non conveniens and assesses the conditions under the doctrine in Chinese law. It is suggested that the new Chinese doctrine of forum non conveniens can be improved further by removing the inconvenience to the Chinese courts and clarifying the consideration of the interests of all parties.
Although 5-methylcytosine (m
C) is a widespread modification in RNAs, its regulation and biological role in pathological conditions (such as cancer) remain unknown. Here, we provide the ...single-nucleotide resolution landscape of messenger RNA m
C modifications in human urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB). We identify numerous oncogene RNAs with hypermethylated m
C sites causally linked to their upregulation in UCBs and further demonstrate YBX1 as an m
C 'reader' recognizing m
C-modified mRNAs through the indole ring of W65 in its cold-shock domain. YBX1 maintains the stability of its target mRNA by recruiting ELAVL1. Moreover, NSUN2 and YBX1 are demonstrated to drive UCB pathogenesis by targeting the m
C methylation site in the HDGF 3' untranslated region. Clinically, a high coexpression of NUSN2, YBX1 and HDGF predicts the poorest survival. Our findings reveal an unprecedented mechanism of RNA m
C-regulated oncogene activation, providing a potential therapeutic strategy for UCB.
PDF
