Mixing of cogenetic magmas represents an important process in granite petrogenesis but is difficult to identify and is consequently often overlooked due to the absence of obvious isotopic ...distinctions between the mixed melts. We have conducted in situ elemental and O isotope analyses on apatite from Cretaceous Zhangzhou calc-alkaline granite in southeast China. We integrated these data with micro-analyses on other minerals (plagioclase, zircon, and titanite) as well as whole-rock geochemistry to decipher the mixing history of this granitic complex. The apatite occurs as an early crystallizing phase forming inclusions in biotite, plagioclase, and titanite, and is characterized by core-rim zonation textures with a dark core and bright rims in backscattered images. The core domains have remarkably higher SO3 and Li concentrations but much lower SiO2, REE, and Y concentrations than the rim domains. However, both the cores and rims show geochemical compositions similar to that from typical I-type granite and also have mantle-like O isotope compositions (the core has δ18O=5.3-6.8 ppm and the rim has δ18O=5.2-6.4 ppm, respectively), indicating crystallization from granitic melts derived from newly accreted crust. The combined major and trace element and O isotope compositions of apatite and whole-rock geochemistry suggest that compositional evolution of the Zhangzhou granite involved mixing between two cogenetic magma batches, with variable degrees of subsequent differentiation. Batch I magma was a low-SiO2 and high-SO3 melt, whereas Batch II magma was a high-SiO2 and low-SO3 melt that experienced devolatilization. The high-S content in apatite cores further suggests the parental magma of the Zhangzhou granite likely originated from a sulfur-rich source comprising mainly newly accreted arc crust in response to subduction of the paleo-Pacific Ocean. The geochemical records of these magmatic processes are rarely observed in coeval zircon, titanite, and plagioclase. Our study, therefore, demonstrates that apatite geochemistry is potentially a more suitable monitor of complex magmatic evolution, including devolatilization and mixing of isotopically indistinguishable magmas.
Atomic‐molecular engineering is an effective way to accurately tailor the microstructures and components of materials at the micro‐nano scale, which can be applied to flexibly manipulate their ...electromagnetic (EM) response. Herein, graphene microlaminates with multi‐layer structure are fabricated by atomic cluster engineering and oxidative molecular layer deposition for the first time. The microlaminates enable a tunable EM loss (from 0.93 to 3.94 for imaginary permittivity and from 0.17 to 0.25 for imaginary permeability) by changing poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) cycles, and the attenuation constant reaches 160. On this basis, multifunctional antennas are conceived, achieving frequency‐selective response that enables steady harvest of > 90% of EM energy from signal source, and tactfully recycling waste heat energy and mechanical energy. This study will furnish a new horizon for information transmission and artificial intelligence in the future.
Atomic‐molecular engineering is employed to fabricate graphene microlaminate with multi‐layer structure. The microlaminate exhibits excellent electromagnetic losses and high energy attenuation. Importantly, multifunctional antenna is further conceived, with integrated functions including frequency‐selective response and waste energy recycling, which will promote the development of an intelligent society.
Irisin is a newly identified myokine. Several studies have reported irisin concentrations in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), but because of smaller sample sizes, the data from ...previous reports showed a wide range in serum/plasma irisin. Therefore, the present investigation is designed to summarize a precise confidence interval of circulating irisin in participants with GDM from a cross-sectional study in Chinese population and a meta-analysis for validation. Serum irisin was tested in patients with GDM and healthy controls (newly diagnosed cases: 61 and matched controls: 61) in the cross-sectional study. The two groups of participants were matched for age and pregnancy duration. Furthermore, we did a comprehensive meta-analysis to confirm whether serum/plasma irisin differs between participants with GDM and controls. Articles reported “circulating irisin and GDM” in Medline, PubMed, and EMBase were obtained, with the key word “myokine” or “irisin”. The comparison was analyzed by Review Manager 5.2. In the cross-sectional investigation, serum irisin showed a significant lower level in the GDM patients, compared with that in the control group. In the meta-analysis study, the summarized results of the present 5 studies in which 632 participants were included indicated that there was a lower level irisin of -58.68 ng/mL 95% confidence interval (CI)(-113.42, -3.93, P=0.04) in GDM patients than in the control group. The present cross-sectional investigation and meta-analysis is the first to show significant lower circulating irisin in subjects with GDM.
Antibiotics are widely used in humans and animals, but there is a big concern about their negative impacts on ecosystem and human health after use. So far there is a lack of information on emission ...inventory and environmental fate of antibiotics in China. We studied national consumption, emissions, and multimedia fate of 36 frequently detected antibiotics in China by market survey, data analysis, and level III fugacity modeling tools. Based on our survey, the total usage for the 36 chemicals was 92700 tons in 2013, an estimated 54000 tons of the antibiotics was excreted by human and animals, and eventually 53800 tons of them entered into the receiving environment following various wastewater treatments. The fugacity model successfully predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) in all 58 river basins of China, which are comparable to the reported measured environmental concentrations (MECs) available in some basins. The bacterial resistance rates in the hospitals and aquatic environments were found to be related to the PECs and antibiotic usages, especially for those antibiotics used in the most recent period. This is the first comprehensive study which demonstrates an alarming usage and emission of various antibiotics in China.
Water pollution caused by organic wastewater has become a serious concern worldwide. Fenton oxidation process is one of the most effective and suitable methods for the abatement of organic ...pollutants. However, the process has three obvious shortcomings: the narrow working pH range, the high costs and risks associated with handling, transportation and storage of reagents (H2O2 and catalyst), the significant iron sludge related second pollution. In order to overcome these shortcomings, various optimized Fenton processes have been widely studied. Therefore, a summary of the study status of Fenton optimization processes is necessary to develop a novel and high efficiency organic wastewater treatment method. Based on the optimization perspective, taking shortcomings of Fenton process as a breakthrough, the fundamentals, advantages and disadvantages of single Fenton optimization processes (heterogeneous Fenton, photo-Fenton and electro-Fenton) for organic wastewater treatment were reviewed and the corresponding reaction mechanism diagrams were drawn in this paper. Then, the feasibility and application of the coupled Fenton optimization processes (photoelectro-Fenton, heterogeneous electro-Fenton, heterogeneous photoelectro-Fenton, three-dimensional electro-Fenton) for organic wastewater treatment were discussed in depth. Additionally, the effect of some important operation parameters (pH and catalyst, H2O2, organic pollutants concentration) on the degradation efficiency of organic pollutants was studied to provide guidance for the optimization of operation parameters. Finally, the possible future research directions for optimized Fenton processes were given. The review aims to assist researchers and engineers to gain fundamental understandings and critical view of Fenton process and its optimization processes, and hopefully with the knowledge it could bring new opportunities for the optimization and future development of Fenton process.
Display omitted
•Review of single Fenton optimization processes for organic wastewater treatment.•Review of coupled Fenton optimization processes for organic wastewater treatment.•Key operational parameters are discussed.•Insights into future research directions for optimized Fenton processes.
The article presents a principle of selecting the parameters in linear disturbance observer based control (LDOBC). Via designing the numerator of Q-filter based on the presented principle, a class of ...optimal parameterized LDOBCs are proposed, which is featured with stronger robustness to uncertainties. Based on a new realization of proposed LDOBC and Lyapunov method, this article rigorously investigates the closed-loop transient performance under a wide class of nonlinear uncertainties described in time domain. Moreover, the relationship between the control parameters and the bounds of tracking and estimating errors is explicitly shown, which illuminates the highly consistent closed-loop performance of the presented LDOBC.
A series of algorithms for satellite retrievals of sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) have been developed and applied to different sensors. However, research on SIF retrieval using ...hyperspectral data is performed in narrow spectral windows, assuming that SIF remains constant. In this paper, based on the singular vector decomposition (SVD) technique, we present an approach for retrieving SIF, which can be applied to remotely sensed data with ultra-high spectral resolution and in a broad spectral window without assuming that the SIF remains constant. The idea is to combine the first singular vector, the pivotal information of the non-fluorescence spectrum, with the low-frequency contribution of the atmosphere, plus a linear combination of the remaining singular vectors to express the non-fluorescence spectrum. Subject to instrument settings, the retrieval was performed within a spectral window of approximately 7 nm that contained only Fraunhofer lines. In our retrieval, hyperspectral data of the O
-A band from the first Chinese carbon dioxide observation satellite (TanSat) was used. The Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) was introduced to self-adaptively determine the number of free parameters and reduce retrieval noise. SIF retrievals were compared with TanSat SIF and OCO-2 SIF. The results showed good consistency and rationality. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted to verify the performance of this approach. To summarize, the approach would provide more possibilities for retrieving SIF from hyperspectral data.
Display omitted
•We investigated antibiotic resistome during manure composting by metagenomics.•Moisture was the key environmental factor over composting.•Composting significantly reduced the ...relative abundance of ARGs and MGEs.•Actinobacteria was the primary potential host of ARGs over composting.•Bacterial community and BMRGs profiles structured the antibiotic resistome.
Composting has been widely used to turn livestock manure into organic fertilizer. However, livestock manure contains various contaminants including antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Here we investigated the variation of antibiotic resistome and its influencing factors during a commercial livestock manure composting. The results showed that composting could effectively reduce the relative abundance of ARGs and mobile genic elements (MGEs). As the dominant phylum in the composting samples, the key potential bacterial host of ARGs were Actinobacteria such as Leucobacter, Mycobacterium and Thermomonosporaceae unclassified. Meanwhile, Legionella pneumophila, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Haemophilus ducreyi and Siccibacter turicensis may be the key potential pathogenic host of ARGs because of their co-occurrence with ARG subtypes. Redundancy analysis showed that the dissipation of ARGs during composting was linked to various environmental factors such as moisture. Bacterial succession as well as profile of biocide and metal resistance genes (BMRGs) were the determinants which constructed the antibiotic resistome during manure composting. However, the residues of ARGs and pathogens in compost products may still pose risks to human and crops after fertilization.
With the development of quantitative remote sensing, scale issues have attracted more and more the attention of scientists. Research is now suffering from a severe scale discrepancy between data ...sources and the models used. Consequently, both data interpretation and model application become difficult due to these scale issues. Therefore, effectively scaling remotely sensed information at different scales has already become one of the most important research focuses of remote sensing. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate scale issues from the points of view of analysis, processing and modeling and to provide technical assistance when facing scale issues in remote sensing. The definition of scale and relevant terminologies are given in the first part of this paper. Then, the main causes of scale effects and the scaling effects on measurements, retrieval models and products are reviewed and discussed. Ways to describe the scale threshold and scale domain are briefly discussed. Finally, the general scaling methods, in particular up-scaling methods, are compared and summarized in detail.
PDF
