Rapeseed (Brassica napus) is the second most important oilseed crop in the world but the genetic diversity underlying its massive phenotypic variations remains largely unexplored. Here, we report the ...sequencing, de novo assembly and annotation of eight B. napus accessions. Using pan-genome comparative analysis, millions of small variations and 77.2-149.6 megabase presence and absence variations (PAVs) were identified. More than 9.4% of the genes contained large-effect mutations or structural variations. PAV-based genome-wide association study (PAV-GWAS) directly identified causal structural variations for silique length, seed weight and flowering time in a nested association mapping population with ZS11 (reference line) as the donor, which were not detected by single-nucleotide polymorphisms-based GWAS (SNP-GWAS), demonstrating that PAV-GWAS was complementary to SNP-GWAS in identifying associations to traits. Further analysis showed that PAVs in three FLOWERING LOCUS C genes were closely related to flowering time and ecotype differentiation. This study provides resources to support a better understanding of the genome architecture and acceleration of the genetic improvement of B. napus.
Soil organic matter (SOM) is a key index of soil fertility. Calculating spectral index and screening characteristic band reduce redundancy information of hyperspectral data, and improve the accuracy ...of SOM prediction. This study aimed to compare the improvement of model accuracy by spectral index and characteristic band. This study collected 178 samples of topsoil (0-20 cm) in the central plain of Jiangsu, East China. Firstly, visible and near-infrared (VNIR, 350-2500 nm) reflectance spectra were measured using ASD FieldSpec 4 Std-Res spectral radiometer in the laboratory, and inverse-log reflectance (LR), continuum removal (CR), first-order derivative reflectance (FDR) were applied to transform the original reflectance (R). Secondly, optimal spectral indexes (including deviation of arch, difference index, ratio index, and normalized difference index) were calculated from each type of VNIR spectra. Characteristic bands were selected from each type of spectra by the competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) algorithm, respectively. Thirdly, SOM prediction models were established based on random forest (RF), support vector regression (SVR), deep neural networks (DNN) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) methods using optimal spectral indexes, denoted here as SI-based models. Meanwhile, SOM prediction models were established using characteristic wavelengths, denoted here as CARS-based models. Finally, this research compared and assessed accuracy of SI-based models and CARS-based models, and selected optimal model. Results showed: (1) The correlation between optimal spectral indexes and SOM was enhanced, with absolute value of correlation coefficient between 0.66 and 0.83. The SI-based models predicted SOM content accurately, with the coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) values ranging from 0.80 to 0.87, 2.40 g/kg to 2.88 g/kg in validation sets, and relative percent deviation (RPD) value between 2.14 and 2.52. (2) The accuracy of CARS-based models differed with models and spectral transformations. For all spectral transformations, PLSR and SVR combined with CARS displayed the best prediction (R2 and RMSE values ranged from 0.87 to 0.92, 1.91 g/kg to 2.56 g/kg in validation sets, and RPD value ranged from 2.41 to 3.23). For FDR and CR spectra, DNN and RF models achieved more accuracy (R2 and RMSE values ranged from 0.69 to 0.91, 1.90 g/kg to 3.57 g/kg in validation sets, and RPD value ranged from 1.73 to 3.25) than LR and R spectra (R2 and RMSE values from 0.20 to 0.35, 5.08 g/kg to 6.44 g/kg in validation sets, and RPD value ranged from 0.96 to 1.21). (3) Overall, the accuracy of SI-based models was slightly lower than that of CARS-based models. But spectral index had a good adaptability to the models, and each SI-based model displayed the similar accuracy. For different spectra, the accuracy of CARS-based model differed from modeling methods. (4) The optimal CARS-based model was model CARS-CR-SVR (R2 and RMSE: 0.92 and 1.91 g/kg in validation set, RPD: 3.23). The optimal SI-based model was model SI3-SVR (R2 and RMSE: 0.87 and 2.40 g/kg in validation set, RPD: 2.57) and model SI-SVR (R2 and RMSE: 0.84 and 2.63 g/kg in validation set, RPD: 2.35).
...we collected re‐sequencing data of 1688 rapeseed accessions with an average depth of 8× (Lu et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2018a, 2018b; Wu et al., 2019). Basic genetic information includes ...chromosomal location, coding sequence length, exon number, gene structure, alternative splicing, nucleic acid sequence, the encoded protein sequence, expression data, gene ontology, functional domain, gene classification (core/distributed), frequency in subspecies. (Figure 1f). ...users can access the Gbrowse (https://www.gbrowse.org/) to visualize detailed gene context and upstream/downstream features (Figure 1g).
•SMP1 is a polysaccharide isolated from the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza.•SMP1 prevents against isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction in rats.•SMP1 prevents the increased levels of serum ...myocardial marker enzymes in rats.•SMP1 decreases the levels of the lipid profile in rats.•SMP1 enhances the endogenous myocardial antioxidant activities in rats.
In this study, we investigated the cardioprotective effect of one purified polysaccharide (SMP1) from Salvia miltiorrhiza on isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction (MI) in rats. ISO-treated rats showed severe myocardial damage and high lipid peroxidation level, as well as decreased endogenous myocardial antioxidant function. Pretreatment with SMP1 (100 and 400mg/kg) for 30 days significantly increased the body weight, decreased the heart weight, attenuated the serum levels of creatine kinase (CK), creatine phospokinase-MB (CK-MB), dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphate (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), along with the increased concentration of HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C). In addition, SMP1 also enhanced myocardial superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities and elevated myocardial reduced glutathione (GSH) level, along with a decrease in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentration. Collectively, our results indicated that long-term oral administration of SMP1 offered significant protection against the damage induced by ISO in rat heart through enhancement of endogenous antioxidants and antihyperlipidemic activity.
The effects of heat treatment processing on the microstructures of Ti-6Al-4V alloy are systematically studied. Static globularization behavior of lamellar α phase is found when the alloy is cooled in ...air or furnace from 950–960°C (below the β-transus temperature, about 975°C). Three kinds of microstructures (basket-weave, globular-lamellar, and equiaxed microstructures) are obtained by different heat treatments. The uniaxial tensile tests of the studied alloy with different initial microstructures are conducted at the elevated temperature and different strain rates. It is found that the initial microstructures have obvious effects on the tensile properties and fracture mechanisms. The alloy with basket-weave microstructures exhibits the most obvious work hardening behavior and the highest strength. The alloy with globular-lamellar microstructures has the better ductility than that with basket-weave microstructures. Furthermore, the alloy with equiaxed microstructures has the best ductility, because the equiaxed α phases can delay the formation and coalescence of microvoids. Meanwhile, α phases are elongated, bent and spherized, which contributes to the flow softening during tensile deformation. Especially, the alloy with initial equiaxed microstructures finally transforms to bimodal microstructures after tensile fracture. Additionally, the alloys with three different initial microstructures all show a primary ductile fracture.
Abstract
Magnetars are neutron stars with an extreme magnetic field and sometimes manifest as soft gamma-ray repeaters (SGRs). SGR J1935+2154 is one of the most prolific bursters and the first ...confirmed source of a fast radio burst (FRB; i.e., FRB 200428). Encouraged by the discovery of the first X-ray counterpart of FRBs, the Insight-Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (Insight-HXMT) implemented a dedicated 33-day-long Target of Opportunity observation of SGR J1935+2154 since 2020 April 28. With the HE, ME, and LE telescopes, Insight-HXMT provides a thorough monitoring of burst activity evolution of SGR J1935+2154, in a very broad energy range (1–250 keV) with high temporal resolution and high sensitivity, resulting in a unique valuable data set for detailed studies of SGR J1935+2154. In this work, we conduct a comprehensive analysis of this observation, including detailed burst search, identification, and temporal analyses. After carefully removing false triggers, we find a total of 75 bursts from SGR J1935+2154, out of which 70 are single pulsed. The maximum burst rate is about 56 bursts day
−1
. Both the burst duration and the waiting time between two successive bursts follow lognormal distributions, consistent with previous studies. We also find that bursts with longer duration (some are multipulsed) tend to occur during the period with relatively high burst rate. There is no correlation between the waiting time and the fluence or duration of either the former or latter burst. It also seems that there is no correlation between burst duration and hardness ratio, in contrast to some previous reports. In addition, we do not find any X-ray burst associated with any reported radio bursts except for FRB 200428.
Osteoclasts are multinuclear giant cells responsible for bone resorption in lytic bone diseases such as osteoporosis, arthritis, periodontitis, and bone tumors. Due to the severe side‐effects caused ...by the currently available drugs, a continuous search for novel bone‐protective therapies is essential. Artesunate (Art), the water‐soluble derivative of artemisinin has been investigated owing to its anti‐malarial properties. However, its effects in osteoclastogenesis have not yet been reported. In this study, Art was shown to inhibit the nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL)‐induced osteoclastogenesis, the mRNA expression of osteoclastic‐specific genes, and resorption pit formation in a dose‐dependent manner in primary bone marrow‐derived macrophages cells (BMMs). Furthermore, Art markedly blocked the RANKL‐induced osteoclastogenesis by attenuating the degradation of IκB and phosphorylation of NF‐κB p65. Consistent with the in vitro results, Art inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced bone resorption by suppressing the osteoclastogenesis. Together our data demonstrated that Art inhibits RANKL‐induced osteoclastogenesis by suppressing the NF‐κB signaling pathway and that it is a promising agent for the treatment of osteolytic diseases.
Artesunate (Art), the water‐soluble derivative of artemisinin has been investigated owing to its anti‐malarial properties. However, its effects on osteoclastogenesis have not yet been reported. In this study, Art was shown to inhibit the nuclear factor‐kB ligand (RANKL)‐induced osteoclastogenesis and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced bone resorption.
Coconut is an important tropical oil and fruit crop whose evolutionary position renders it a fantastic species for the investigation of the evolution of monocot chromosomes and the subsequent ...differentiation of ancient plants.
Here, we report the assembly and annotation of reference-grade genomes of Cn. tall and Cn. dwarf, whose genome sizes are 2.40 Gb and 2.39 Gb, respectively. The comparative analysis reveals that the two coconut subspecies diverge about 2-8 Mya while the conserved Arecaceae-specific whole-genome duplication (ω WGD) occurs approximately 47-53 Mya. It additionally allows us to reconstruct the ancestral karyotypes of the ten ancient monocot chromosomes and the evolutionary trajectories of the 16 modern coconut chromosomes. Fiber synthesis genes in Cn. tall, related to lignin and cellulose synthesis, are found at a higher copy number and expression level than dwarf coconuts. Integrated multi-omics analysis reveals that the difference in coconut plant height is the result of altered gibberellin metabolism, with both the GA20ox copy number and a single-nucleotide change in the promoter together leading to the difference in plant height between Cn. tall and Cn. dwarf.
We provide high-quality coconut genomes and reveal the genetic basis of trait differences between two coconuts through multi-omics analysis. We also reveal that the selection of plant height has been targeted for the same gene for millions of years, not only in natural selection of ancient plant as illustrated in coconut, but also for artificial selection in cultivated crops such as rice and maize.
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•Biomorphic ZnO microtube with rich defects was prepared by simple and controllable cajuput bark as bio-template.•ZnO-6 sensor exhibits the highest response value of 118 to NO among ...reported metal oxides at low temperature.•The excellent sensing performance root from the synergism of dual defects (VO, Zni) and unique microstructure.•The simple bio-template method provides a new strategy for preparing other oxide materials with rich defects.
Fabrication of diverse surface defects-assisted metal oxide materials is an effective avenue to achieve rapid and accurate detection of harmful gases. Herein, through the confinement effect of tracheids and vesicles in cajuput bark template, biomorphic ZnO hierarchical materials (ZnO-6) constructed from spherical nanoparticles were simply synthesized by zinc salt immersion and calcination at 600 °C in air. Porous ZnO-6 microtubes can greatly improve the rapid transmission and desorption behavior of target gas. Especially, the presence of electron donor dual-defects oxygen vacancy (VO) and zinc interstitial (Zni) can provide more active sites for surface gas adsorption and chemical reactions, thus effectively enhancing the detection ability of ZnO sensing material to toxic NO gas. At a low operating temperature of 92 °C, the high response value of 118 to 10 ppm NO for ZnO-6 sensor is 5.4 times higher than that of as-synthesized template-free ZnO-0 nanoparticles, and also represents the highest response among reported metal oxide-based gas sensors at low energy consumption. Meanwhile, this sensor has rapid recovery characteristic, good selectivity, long-term stability and moisture resistance. Moreover, the surface defects and their induced sensing mechanism are also characterized and explored.
The development of conductometric sensors for high sensing and selective detection of very toxic and explosive hydrazine gas remains urgent challenge. Herein, waste and reproducible willow catkins ...were chosen as biotemplate and simply immersed into mixed Ni(NO3)2/Zn(NO3)2 solution with different Ni/Zn ratios. Afterwards, the isolated precursors were calcined at 500 ℃ in air to generate three biomorphic NiO/ZnO hetero-tubes, which were all replicated from small-size nanoparticles with good crystallinity. Amongst, 6.1 wt% NiO/ZnO composite achieves high sensing and rapid detection of trace N2H4. At 92 °C, its response value (S = 443) to 100 ppm N2H4 is significantly higher than those of 3.7 wt% NiO/ZnO (S = 113) and 7.2 wt% NiO/ZnO (S = 210). Especially, its response value is the highest among reported metal oxide-based sensors. Meanwhile, it also has short response time (6 s), low practical detection limit (10 ppb) along with satisfactory stability and moisture tolerance. Such well over-all sensing performance roots from the synergism of mesoporous hetero-tubes assembled by small-size nanoparticles, proper tube thickness, high concentration of Ni3+ Lewis acid, as well as rich oxygen vacancy defects. Moreover, the mechanism for enhanced N2H4 sensing performance was also discussed in detail.
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•NiO/ZnO tubes rich in oxygen vacancies were simply and controllably prepared using waste willow catkins as biotemplate.•Synergy of rich oxygen vacancies, high Ni3+ concentration and mesoporous hetero-tubes leads to excellent sensing performance.•6.1 wt% NiO/ZnO sensor exhibits the highest response to trace N2H4 at 92 °C among all reported metal oxide-based sensors.•The simple and sustainable biotemplate method provides a new inspiration for preparing other tube-like metal oxides.
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