Since the late Qing Dynasty, the scope of prohibited marriage in China's marriage law has undergone a change from wufu (five grades of mourning) to sandai(three generations). Since the Zhou Dynasty, ...traditional Chinese society had adhered to the Zhou etiquette of "no marriage between members of the same clan". Marriage between cousins(except paternal parallel cousins) had been left to the discretion of the family and not prohibited by law. In 1930, in accordance with the principle of equality between men and women, the kinship section of the Republic of China Civil Code changed the classification of traditional Chinese kinships of internal relatives and extermal relatives to Western-style blood relatives and in-laws, thus introduced a problem of whether or not clan members outside of the wufu circle and cousins within three generations could marry each other. This paper points out these contradictions and conflicts by examining the contradiction between the principle of freedom of marriage under the 1950 Marr
•An empirical study with 137 power plants in China.•Market based regulations help improve efficiency and reduce CO2 emission.•Government subsidies help improve efficiency and reduce CO2 ...emission.•Command and control regulations do not have a clear impact.•China should utilize more market based regulations in its power industry.
The power industry is the largest air polluter in China, contributing nearly 40% of CO2 emissions and 60% of SO2 emissions. Under mounting pressure to improve standards of environmental protection, it is imperative that the industry increases the efficiency and environmental performance of power plants in China. We investigate the impacts of three different environmental regulations on efficiency improvement and CO2 reduction: command and control regulations (CCR), market-based regulations (MBR), and government subsidies (GS). We find that MBR and GS have a positive impact on efficiency improvement and CO2 reduction. However, CCR have no significant impacts. This finding has important implications since CCR dominates China’s environmental policy. We discuss the policy implications of these findings, such as China should further release the potential of MBR in the power industry, instead of solely relying on CCR; and pay more attention to the coordination of different policy instruments.
•Strain DM02 efficiently removes TAN, nitrate, nitrite under high oxygen environment.•Diverse organic carbon can be used by strain DM02 for NO3−-N removal (>95%).•NO3− and NO2− removal efficiency was ...linearly related to C/N ratio (range 0–10).•The contribution of N assimilation for N removal increased linearly with C/N ratio.•Immobilized technology has been used for real aquaculture wastewater treatment.
A bacterial strain was isolated and identified as Pseudomonas sp. DM02 from an aquaculture system. Strain DM02 showed efficient heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification capability. Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN, 10 mg/L) could be completely removed by strain DM02 within 12 h under low nutrient condition. Nitrogen mass balance indicated that 70.8% of the initial TAN was translated into gaseous nitrogen and 28.1% was converted into intracellular nitrogen. Various carbon sources can be used for nitrate removal (>95% within 28 h). The optimal conditions for TAN, nitrate and nitrite removal were pH 7 with carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios of 8, 12 and 12, respectively. The napA, nirK, and nosZ functional genes were successful amplified from strain DM02. Both bioaugmentation and immobilized technology of strain DM02 present ability (>88%) for continuous treatment of real aquaculture wastewater. This research indicated a great potential for practical application of Pseudomonas sp. DM02 in aquaculture wastewater treatment.
In recent years, the popularity of depth sensors and 3D scanners has led to a rapid development of 3D point clouds. Semantic segmentation of point cloud, as a key step in understanding 3D scenes, has ...attracted extensive attention of researchers. Recent advances in this topic are dominantly led by deep learning-based methods. In this paper, we provide a survey covering various aspects ranging from indirect segmentation to direct segmentation. Firstly, we review methods of indirect segmentation based on multi-views and voxel grids, as well as direct segmentation methods from different perspectives including point ordering, multi-scale, feature fusion and fusion of graph convolutional neural network (GCNN). Then, the common datasets for point cloud segmentation are exposed to help researchers choose which one is the most suitable for their tasks. Following that, we devote a part of the paper to analyze the quantitative results of these methods. Finally, the development trend of point cloud semantic segmentation technology is prospected.
Yarn supercapacitors have great potential in future portable and wearable electronics because of their tiny volume, flexibility and weavability. However, low-energy density limits their development ...in the area of wearable high-energy density devices. How to enhance their energy densities while retaining their high-power densities is a critical challenge for yarn supercapacitor development. Here we propose a coaxial wet-spinning assembly approach to continuously spin polyelectrolyte-wrapped graphene/carbon nanotube core-sheath fibres, which are used directly as safe electrodes to assembly two-ply yarn supercapacitors. The yarn supercapacitors using liquid and solid electrolytes show ultra-high capacitances of 269 and 177 mF cm(-2) and energy densities of 5.91 and 3.84 μWh cm(-2), respectively. A cloth supercapacitor superior to commercial capacitor is further interwoven from two individual 40-cm-long coaxial fibres. The combination of scalable coaxial wet-spinning technology and excellent performance of yarn supercapacitors paves the way to wearable and safe electronics.
We investigated the photoaging of polypropylene (PP) microplastics (MPs) in lake water. The results showed that photoaging of PP MPs was significantly inhibited in lake water compared with ultrapure ...water after 12 d of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, and humic acid and fulvic acid, rather than carbonate (CO3 2–), nitrate (NO3 –), or chloride (Cl–) ions, were identified as the primary contributors to the observed inhibition. Mechanisms for the roles of humic acid (Suwannee River humic acid) and fulvic acid (Pony Lake fulvic acid) in reducing the rates of photodegradation showed that humic acid and fulvic acid acted as both reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers (e.g., of •OH) (dominant contribution) and optical light filters. As ROS scavengers, humic acid and fulvic acid significantly decreased the capacity for the formation of •OH and O2 •– by PP MPs under irradiation. In addition, the chromophores in humic acid and fulvic acid competed for photons with MPs through the light-shielding effect, thereby causing less fragmentation of PP particles and changes in other properties (melting temperature, contact angle, and surface zeta potential). The proposed mechanisms for inhibition by humic acid and fulvic acid will aid our efforts to assess the duration of aging and alterations of MP properties during long-term weathering in natural waters.
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The application of conductive polymer polypyrrole (PPY) towards transparent and flexible electronics has been demonstrated by a photolithography-compatible technique. The oxygen ...plasma pretreatment was found to be important for successful fabrication of PPY electrode patterns on flexible poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). By the patterning process of PPY, the transparency of PPY electrode can be improved up to >80% over the visible spectrum, which combined with the excellent chemical and physical stability of PPY shows the huge potential of PPY electrode as flexible transparent conductive electrode. In addition, PPY provides better interface connection for uniform deposition of organic semiconductor thin film. These outstanding advantages in PPY, coupled with selection of a novel anti-solvent and water-tolerant elastic dielectric, enable the photolithographic PPY patterns to be used for fabrication of large-scale flexible transparent organic field-effect transistor arrays. These results open up the capability of PPY as flexible transparent electrode for flexible organic devices, and exhibit a strong potential of PPY electrode patterns for future large-scale high-precision flexible electronics.
As a reliable and scalable precursor of graphene, graphene oxide (GO) is of great importance. However, the environmentally hazardous heavy metals and poisonous gases, explosion risk and long reaction ...times involved in the current synthesis methods of GO increase the production costs and hinder its real applications. Here we report an iron-based green strategy for the production of single-layer GO in 1 h. Using the strong oxidant K2FeO4, our approach not only avoids the introduction of polluting heavy metals and toxic gases in preparation and products but also enables the recycling of sulphuric acid, eliminating pollution. Our dried GO powder is highly soluble in water, in which it forms liquid crystals capable of being processed into macroscopic graphene fibres, films and aerogels. This green, safe, highly efficient and ultralow-cost approach paves the way to large-scale commercial applications of graphene.
The index of TFEE (total-factor energy efficiency) is used to assess the level of energy consumption to produce economic output (GDP (gross domestic product)) based on multi factors input, which is ...superior to conventional energy efficiency evaluation regarded as a partial-factor energy efficiency index. The objective of this study is to provide the changes of TFEE at sector and provincial level and to illustrate the drivers behind such various changes in China. The results show that the TFEE of most industrial sectors in the eastern provinces is higher than that in other provinces. The most important finding is that the gap of TFEE across sectors was narrowed in the eastern provinces and expanded comparatively in the central and western provinces. Such result implies that the gap reduction of TFEE across sectors would be one of the important drivers behind the increase of overall TFEE. Meanwhile, the Tobit regression results indicate that technology progress, energy price and economic development have positive influence on TFEE. And the impact of technology progress is found to be of the most significance.
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