The climatology of the mesoscale eddies in the upper layer of the South China Sea (SCS) is investigated for an understanding of its genesis using the outputs from a 1/12.5° ocean reanalysis. Employed ...is a recently developed multiscale energetics formalism on the basis of a multiscale window transform (MWT) and the theory of canonical transfer. Three scale windows, namely, background flow, mesoscale eddy and synoptic eddy, are differentiated, and fields on different scales are reconstructed henceforth. Diagnosis of the mesoscale eddy energy budget reveals that barotropic and baroclinic instabilities, wind work, advection and pressure work are essential ingredients of the eddy energy sources and sinks in the SCS, but their contributions vary from region to region. In the southwestern part of the SCS, the regional mesoscale eddy energy is mainly generated by barotropic instability, while in the northeastern SCS, baroclinic instability and the wind working directly on the eddies are the two dominant eddy generation processes. The eddies southwest of Taiwan are damped by outward energy transport via advection, while the decay of those southeast of Vietnam is due to pressure work. The three-scale framework also reveals that the interaction between the mesoscale eddies and higher-frequency synoptic eddies mainly serves as a sink for the mesoscale eddy energy in the SCS, except for the northeastern SCS, where significant inverse cascade of kinetic energy is found.
Non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is a multifunctional protein and a crucial regulatory factor in the replication and pathogenesis of avian influenza virus (AIV). Studies have shown that NS1 can ...interact with a variety of host proteins to modulate the viral life cycle. We previously generated a monoclonal antibody against NS1 protein; In the current research study, using this antibody, we immunoprecipitated host proteins that interact with NS1 to better understand the roles played by NS1 in communications between virus and host.
Co-immunoprecipitation experiments identified annexin A2 (ANXA2) as a target molecule interacting with NS1. Results from confocal laser scanning microscopy indicated that NS1 co-localized with ANXA2 in the cell cytoplasm. Overexpression of ANXA2 significantly increased the titer of H5N1 subtype HPAIV, whereas siRNA-mediated knockdown of ANXA2 markedly inhibited the expression of viral proteins and reduced the progeny virus titer.
Our results indicate that ANXA2 interacts with NS1 and ANXA2 expression increases HPAIV replication.
Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), a member of the palm family (Arecaceae), is one of the most economically important crops in tropics, serving as an important source of food, drink, fuel, medicine, and ...construction material. Here we report an assembly of the coconut (C. nucifera, Oman local Tall cultivar) mitochondrial (mt) genome based on next-generation sequencing data. This genome, 678,653bp in length and 45.5% in GC content, encodes 72 proteins, 9 pseudogenes, 23 tRNAs, and 3 ribosomal RNAs. Within the assembly, we find that the chloroplast (cp) derived regions account for 5.07% of the total assembly length, including 13 proteins, 2 pseudogenes, and 11 tRNAs. The mt genome has a relatively large fraction of repeat content (17.26%), including both forward (tandem) and inverted (palindromic) repeats. Sequence variation analysis shows that the Ti/Tv ratio of the mt genome is lower as compared to that of the nuclear genome and neutral expectation. By combining public RNA-Seq data for coconut, we identify 734 RNA editing sites supported by at least two datasets. In summary, our data provides the second complete mt genome sequence in the family Arecaceae, essential for further investigations on mitochondrial biology of seed plants.
Pain empathy's preferential nature tends to trigger prejudice and intergroup conflicts. Given the current degree of proliferation of doctor-patient conflict news in China, this study aims to ...determine whether readers of doctor-patient news-initiated moral judgments prefer pain empathy for doctors or patients.
This study utilized localized doctor-patient news with high or low moral performance (based on morality ratings of patients' behaviors) as moral-judgment-eliciting materials, and painful pictures as pain empathy-eliciting materials. The event-related potential (ERP) technique was utilized to assess moral judgment's effect on the cognitive empathy component and to investigate electroencephalogram signals' accuracy in classifying four brain response patterns when facing doctor or patient is experiencing or not experiencing pain.
Under low moral text material, participants exhibited smaller mean wave amplitude of positive 300 (P3) and late positive potential (LPP) to painful pictures than non-painful pictures when facing patients; under high moral text material, participants exhibited larger mean wave amplitude of P3 and LPP to painful pictures than non-painful pictures when facing doctors. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals' classification accuracy was significant in 0-1,000 ms in both high and low moral judgments, but the classification accuracy was higher in low moral judgments in some cognitive empathy stages (0.51, 0.53-0.55, 0.66-0.79, and 0.88-1 s).
Under low moral judgment, individuals pay less attention to the patient's (perpetrator's) pain; under high moral judgment, individuals empathize with the doctor (the person praised), showing that news-induced moral judgment can sway readers' empathy for different social groups. In cognitive empathy, individuals' brain representations are more discriminatory under low than high moral judgments when confronted with pain by doctors and patients, which provides insight into objectively recognizing group bias.
Agrocybe cylindracea, an edible mushroom, is widely cultivated for its abundance of nutrients and flavor, and many of its metabolites are reported to have beneficial roles, such as medicinal effects ...on tumors and chronical illnesses. However, the lack of genomic information has hindered further molecular studies on this fungus. Here, we present a genome assembly of A. cylindracea together with comparative genomics and pathway analyses of Agaricales species. The draft, generated from both next-generation sequencing (NGS) and single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing platforms to overcome high genetic heterozygosity, is composed of a 56.5 Mb sequence and 15,384 predicted genes. This mushroom possesses a complex reproductive system, including tetrapolar heterothallic and secondary homothallic mechanisms, and harbors several hydrolases and peptidases for gradual and effective degradation of various carbon sources. Our pathway analysis reveals complex processes involved in the biosynthesis of polysaccharides and other active substances, including B vitamins, unsaturated fatty acids, and N-acetylglucosamine. RNA-seq data show that A. cylindracea stipes tend to synthesize carbohydrate for carbon sequestration and energy storage, whereas pilei are more active in carbon utilization and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. These results reflect diverse functions of the two anatomical structures of the fruiting body. Our comprehensive genomic and transcriptomic data, as well as preliminary comparative analyses, provide insights into the molecular details of the medicinal effects in terms of active compounds and nutrient components.
Genetic linkage maps are an important tool in genetic and genomic research. In this study, two hawthorn cultivars, Qiujinxing and Damianqiu, and 107 progenies from a cross between them were used for ...constructing a high-density genetic linkage map using the 2b-restriction site-associated DNA (2b-RAD) sequencing method, as well as for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) for flavonoid content. In total, 206,411,693 single-end reads were obtained, with an average sequencing depth of 57× in the parents and 23× in the progeny. After quality trimming, 117,896 high-quality 2b-RAD tags were retained, of which 42,279 were polymorphic; of these, 12,951 markers were used for constructing the genetic linkage map. The map contained 17 linkage groups and 3,894 markers, with a total map length of 1,551.97 cM and an average marker interval of 0.40 cM. QTL mapping identified 21 QTLs associated with flavonoid content in 10 linkage groups, which explained 16.30-59.00% of the variance. This is the first high-density linkage map for hawthorn, which will serve as a basis for fine-scale QTL mapping and marker-assisted selection of important traits in hawthorn germplasm and will facilitate chromosome assignment for hawthorn whole-genome assemblies in the future.
Discovering and seizing technology opportunities is key to innovation at all levels. However, there are several open issues in the existing research into the discovery of technology opportunities, ...such as the insufficient specification of technology opportunities, defining the features of opportunities in a way that may lead to the exclusion of some valuable opportunities, and a lack of empirical support for evaluation criteria. This study proposes a new approach to technology opportunity discovery that attempts to address these issues. Our approach uses patents as a data source and constructs domain knowledge networks (DKNs) automatically based on the syntactic dependencies of technological words. We represent technology opportunities as connected sub-networks within DKNs and use a regression analysis of historical patents to obtain significant variables that affect the value of technology opportunities. These are then used to form an objective function for searching for and interpreting optimal opportunities. Ant colony optimization is applied to discover the optimal set of technology opportunities. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach are demonstrated by empirical research into a technology for measuring mechanical vibrations or sound waves by electromagnetic means.
•The sub-networks of a knowledge network may represent detailed, interpretable technology opportunities.•The title captures the technology opportunity contained in a patent.•Regression of historical patents allows one to find important criteria for evaluating technology opportunities.•Optimization algorithms enable one to find the best technology opportunities in the knowledge network.
The present study describes a two-step synthesis process for the cobalt complex of tetra-2,3-(5,6-di-tert-butyl-pyrazino) porphyrazine (tBu-TPyzPzCo). The product was ultrasonically impregnated onto ...carbon black (CB) to prepare a supported catalyst (tBu-TPyzPzCo/CB). We built a split photoelectric catalytic device to test the performance of photocatalytic, electrocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic degradation of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM). The results confirm that HPAM exhibited more efficient degradation in the presence of a supporting catalyst using the photoelectrocatalytic process than by photocatalytic or electrocatalytic oxidation—or even the sum of the two in saline water. The photoelectrocatalytic reaction confirmed that the process conforms to quasi-first order reaction kinetics, while the reaction rate constants were 6.03 times that of photocatalysis and 3.97 times that of electrocatalysis. We also compared the energy consumption of the three processes and found that the photoelectrocatalytic process has the highest energy efficiency.
This paper is intended to review advances in the botanical, phytochemical, traditional uses and pharmacological studies of the genus
. Until now, 138 chemical constituents have been isolated and ...characterized from these plants, particularly from
and
. Among these compounds, lignans, triterpenoids, and flavonoids are the major bioactive constituents. Studies have shown that plants from the genus
exhibit an extensive range of pharmacological properties both in vivo and in vitro, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antitumor, antiviral and antibacterial activities. In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) culture, drugs that include
stems have been used to cure rheumatism, gonarthritis, backache and pharyngitis, although there are few reports concerning the clinical use and toxicity of these plants. Further attention should be paid to gathering information about their toxicology data, quality-control measures, and the clinical value of the active compounds from genus
.
To clarify the relationship between neutral lipid content and cordycepin accumulation in
, mutants were generated from mixed spores of two
strains with varying cordycepin-producing capacities. ...Fifteen stable mutants producing from 0.001 to 2.363 mg/mL cordycepin were finally selected. The relative fluorescence intensities of the 15 mutants, two
strains and an
strain at different concentrations of lyophilized mycelium powder were then investigated using the Nile red method. The mutant CM1-1-1 with the highest relative fluorescence intensity among the eighteen strains was selected for optimizing the Nile red method. Relative fluorescence intensity was linearly correlated with cordycepin concentration in liquid broth (R
= 0.9514) and in lyophilized mycelium powder (R
= 0.9378) for the 18 cordycepin-producing strains under identical culture conditions and with cordycepin concentration in liquid broth (R
= 0.9727) and in lyophilized mycelium powder (R
= 0.9613) for CM1-1-1 under eight different sets of conditions. In addition, the cordycepin content in lyophilized mycelium powder measured by the Nile red method was linearly correlated with that determined by an HPLC method (R
= 0.9627). In conclusion, neutral lipids in lipid droplets are required during cordycepin accumulation; these neutral lipids are potential biomarkers of cordycepin biosynthesis.
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