As a major device for reducing vibration and protecting passengers, the low-frequency vibration control performance of commercial vehicle seating systems has become an attractive research topic in ...recent years. This article reviews the recent developments in active seat suspensions for vehicles. The features of active seat suspension actuators and the related control algorithms are described and discussed in detail. In addition, the vibration control and reduction performance of active seat suspension systems are also reviewed. The article also discusses the prospects of the application of machine learning, including artificial neural network (ANN) control algorithms, in the development of active seat suspension systems for vibration control.
The heterogeneity of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) poses a challenge for accurate prognosis prediction. DNA damage repair genes (DDRGs) have an impact on a wide range of malignancies. However, the ...relevance of these genes in HCC prognosis has received little attention. In this study, we aimed to develop a prognostic signature to identify novel therapy options for HCC. We acquired mRNA expression profiles and clinical data for HCC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. A polygenic prognostic model for HCC was constructed using selection operator Cox analysis and least absolute shrinkage. The model was validated using International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) data. Overall survival (OS) between the high-risk and low-risk groups was compared using Kaplan‒Meier analysis. Independent predictors of OS were identified through both univariate and multivariate Cox analyses. To determine immune cell infiltration scores and activity in immune-related pathways, a single-sample gene set enrichment analysis was performed. The protein and mRNA expression levels of the prognostic genes between HCC and normal liver tissues were also examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunofluorescence (IF) and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). A novel ten-gene signature (CHD1L, HDAC1, KPNA2, MUTYH, PPP2R5B, NEIL3, POLR2L, RAD54B, RUVBL1 and SPP1) was established for HCC prognosis prediction. Patients in the high-risk group had worse OS than those in the low-risk group. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis confirmed the predictive ability of this prognostic gene signature. Multivariate Cox analysis showed that the risk score was an independent predictor of OS. Functional analysis revealed a strong association with cell cycle and antigen binding pathways, and the risk score was highly correlated with tumor grade, tumor stage, and types of immune infiltrate. High expression levels of the prognostic genes were significantly correlated with increased sensitivity of cancer cells to antitumor drugs. IHC, IF and qRT-PCR all indicated that the prognostic genes were highly expressed in HCC relative to normal liver tissue, consistent with the results of bioinformatics analysis. Ten DDRGs were utilized to create a new signature for identifying the immunological state of HCC and predicting prognosis. In addition, blocking these genes could represent a promising treatment.
In this study, we describe a system-level multiple refactoring algorithm, which can identify the move method, move field, and extract class refactoring opportunities automatically according to the ...principle of "high cohesion and low coupling." The algorithm works by merging and splitting related classes to obtain the optimal functionality distribution from the system-level. Furthermore, we present a weighted clustering algorithm for regrouping the entities in a system based on merged method-level networks. Using a series of preprocessing steps and preconditions, the "bad smells" introduced by cohesion and coupling problems can be removed from both the non-inheritance and inheritance hierarchies without changing the code behaviors. We rank the refactoring suggestions based on the anticipated benefits that they bring to the system. Based on comparisons with related research and assessing the refactoring results using quality metrics and empirical evaluation, we show that the proposed approach performs well in different systems and is beneficial from the perspective of the original developers. Finally, an open source tool is implemented to support the proposed approach.
Consumption of chlorinated drinking water has shown somewhat consistent association with increased risk of bladder cancer in a series of epidemiological studies, but plausible causative agents have ...not been identified. Halobenzoquinones (HBQs) have been recently predicted as putative disinfection byproducts (DBPs) that might be of toxicological relevance. This study reports the occurrence frequencies and concentrations of HBQs in plant effluents from nine drinking water treatment plants in the USA and Canada, where four common disinfection methods, chlorination, chloramination, chlorination with chloramination, and ozonation with chloramination, are used. In total, 16 water samples were collected and analyzed for eight HBQs: 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DCBQ), 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DBBQ), 2,6-dichloro-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DC-3-MBQ), 2,3,6-trichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (2,3,6-TriCBQ), 2,5-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone (2,5-DBBQ), 2,3-dibromo-5,6-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (2,3-DB-5,6-DM-BQ), tetrabromo-1,4-benzoquinone (TetraB-1,4-BQ), and tetrabromo-1,2-benzoquinone (TetraB-1,2-BQ). Of these, 2,6-DCBQ, 2,6-DBBQ, 2,6-DC-3-MBQ and 2,3,6-TriCBQ were detected in 16, 11, 6, and 3 of the 16 samples with the method detection limit (DL) of 1.0, 0.5, 0.9 and 1.5 ng/L, respectively, using a solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method. The concentrations were in the ranges of 4.5–274.5 ng/L for 2,6-DCBQ, below DL to 37.9 ng/L for 2,6-DBBQ, below DL to 6.5 ng/L for 2,6-DC-3-MBQ, and below DL to 9.1 ng/L for 2,3,6-TriCBQ. These authentic samples show DCBQ and DBBQ as the most abundant and frequently detectable HBQs. In addition, laboratory controlled experiments were performed to examine the formation of HBQs and their subsequent stability toward hydrolysis when the disinfectants, chlorine, chloramine, or ozone followed by chloramines, reacted with phenol (a known precursor) under various conditions. The controlled reactions demonstrate that chlorination produces the highest amounts of DCBQ, while pre-ozonation increases the formation of DBBQ in the presence of bromide. At pH < 6.8, 2,6-DCBQ was observed to be stable, but it was easily hydrolyzed to form mostly 3-hydroxyl-2,6-DCBQ at pH 7.6 in drinking water.
Display omitted
► Halobenzoquinones are a class of drinking water disinfection byproducts. ► Occurrence of halobenzoquinones in drinking water in the USA and Canada. ► Laboratory reaction formation of halobenzoquinones from phenol. ► Hydrolysis degradation of halobenzoquinones.
We report the characterization and determination of 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone and three new disinfection byproducts (DBPs): 2,6-dichloro-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone, ...2,3,6-trichloro-1,4-benzoquinone, and 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone. These haloquinones are suspected bladder carcinogens and are likely produced during drinking water disinfection treatment. However, detection of these haloquinones is challenging, and consequently, they have not been characterized as DBPs until recently. We have developed an electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry technique based on our observation of unique ionization processes. These chloro- and bromo-quinones were ionized through a reduction step to form M + H− under negative electrospray ionization. Tandem mass spectra and accurate mass measurements of these compounds showed major product ions, M + H − HX−, M + H − HX − CO−, M + H − CO−, and/or X− (where X represents Cl or Br). The addition of 0.25% formic acid to water samples was found to effectively stabilize the haloquinones in water and to improve the ionization for analysis. These improvements were rationalized from the estimates of pK a values (5.8−6.3) of these haloquinones. The method of tandem mass spectrometry detection, combined with sample preservation, solid phase extraction, and liquid chromatography separation, enabled the detection of haloquinones in chlorinated water samples collected from a drinking water treatment plant. The four haloquinones were detected only in drinking water after chlorination treatment, with concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 165 ng/L, but were not detectable in the untreated water. This method will be useful for future studies of occurrence, formation pathways, toxicity, and control of these new halogenated DBPs.
This study aimed to assess the role of leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A2 (LILRA2) in ovarian carcinoma (OC) oncogenesis and prognosis.
Using the Cancer Genome Atlas, Genotype-Tissue ...Expression, and Gene Expression Omnibus databases, the association between clinicopathological profiles and LILRA2 expression was investigated using logistic regression analysis. Kaplan–Meier analysis, Cox regression analysis, and column plots predicted the clinical outcomes of patients with OC and determine the predictive value of LILRA2. The biological functions of LILRA2 were assessed using Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses. We used single-sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis to investigate the relationship between immune cell infiltration and LILRA2 expression.
LILRA2 expression in OC tumors was significantly higher than in normal tissue (P < 0.05). The high LILRA2 expression in OC was correlated with lymphatic invasion (P = 0.014). The results showed consistency indices of 0.611 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.572–0.649 and 0.623 (95% CI, 0.584–0.663) for the overall and disease-specific survival nomograms, respectively. Cox regression analysis showed that LILRA2 was an independent risk factor for overall survival (hazard ratio HR, 1.511; P = 0.002) and disease-specific survival (HR, 1.537; P = 0.003). Functional annotation revealed enrichment with immunoglobulin-corresponding pathways when LILRA2 expression was high.
By evaluating gene expression profiles, we demonstrated that LILRA2 has considerable potential to act as a therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker in OC.
In recent years, many clinical trials have shown the safety and efficacy of Gemogenovatucel-T (Vigil) in the treatment of advanced OC patients. The purpose of this study was to explore the safety and ...efficacy of Gemogenovatucel-T (Vigil) in the first-line maintenance of advanced ovarian carcinoma based on the randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on Gemogenovatucel-T (Vigil) immunotherapy for advanced ovarian carcinoma were searched in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science up to December 31, 2021. The following study characteristics were investigated: baseline study characteristics, overall survival, recurrence free survival, recurrence free survival median time, and complication. A total of 36 articles were obtained, and seven suitable RCTs with a total sample size of 322 patients were eventually included in this meta-analysis. Overall survival (OS): from time of randomization: HR=0.48 (95% CI: 0.32 to 0.72), Z=3.55, P<0.001; from time of tissue procurement: HR=0.51 (95%
CI
: 0.33 to 0.78),
Z
=3.07,
P
=0.002. Recurrence free survival (RFS): from time of randomization: HR=0.43 (95%
CI
: 0.30 to 0.62),
Z
=4.61,
P
<0.001; from time of tissue procurement: HR=0.45 (95%
CI
: 0.31 to 0.65),
Z
=4.26,
P
<0.001. RFS median time: from time of randomization: HR=1.57 (95%
CI
: 1.16 to 2.11),
Z
=2.95,
P
=0.003; from time of tissue procurement: HR=2.16 (95%
CI
: 1.12 to 4.17),
Z
=2.29,
P
=0.022. This study found that Gemogenovatucel-T (Vigil) immunotherapy provided significant OS and RFS benefits, particularly in advanced OC patients with BRCA wild type. At the same time, treatment with the Gemogenovatucel-T (Vigil) is safer than other treatment modalities and does not have any toxic effects.
Systematic Review Registration
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/
, identifier (CRD42022300367).
Coming clean? Liquid chromatography–ESI tandem mass spectrometry is used to detect 2,6‐dichloro‐1,4‐benzoquinone (see picture) in drinking water treated with chlorine or chloramine.
A reliable prediction model can greatly contribute to the research of car seating system vibration control. The novelty of this paper lies in the development of a hybrid method of an artificial ...neural network (ANN) and response surface methodology (RSM) to predict the peak seat-to-head transmissibility ratio of a seating suspension system and to evaluate its ride comfort for different seat design parameters. Additionally, this method can remove the experimental design of the RSM model. In this paper, four seat design parameters are selected as input parameters and arranged using the central composite design method. The peak transmissibility ratio from seat to head at 4 Hz is chosen as the response target output value. To illustrate this hybrid method, the response target output value of the peak transmissibility ratio is calculated from the frequency response of a five-degrees-of-freedom (5-DOF) lumped-parameter biodynamic seating suspension model. The input design parameters and the response target output values are used to train an ANN to establish the relationship between the seat design parameters and the peak transmissibility ratio. At the same time, the input design parameters and the response target output values predicted by the ANN are used to develop the relationship between the seat design parameters and the peak transmissibility ratio using the response surface method and linear regression models. The hybrid of the ANN and response surface methods makes the planning or design of experiments not essential. The hybrid model of the ANN and response surface method is more accurate and convenient than a linear regression model for the study of seating system vibration isolation.
PDF
