•Production-based CO2 emissions are estimated for eleven cities in China in 2012.•Consumption-based CO2 emissions are estimated using input-output theory.•Emissions embodied in imports account for ...over 50% of consumption-based emissions.•Interregional cooperation is critical at the city level for tackling climate change.
Carbon emission inventories are the foundations of climate change mitigation and adaptation in cities. In this study, we estimated production-based CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes in eleven cities in Hebei Province of China in 2012 and used input-output theory to measure their consumption-based CO2 emissions. By comprehensively comparing production- and consumption-based emissions, we found that six developed cities were consumers with import-depended trade patterns, while the five other cities were producers, mostly medium in size, with the potential to transform into consumer cities with socioeconomic development. Emissions embodied in imports accounted for more than half of the consumption-based emissions in most cities, which shows the significance of interregional cooperation in tackling climate change. International cooperation is also important at the city level, as international imports also impact consumption-based emissions. From the perspective of final use, emissions caused by fixed capital formation predominated in most cities and were determined by their economic development models.
Language becomes an important intergroup category for children from early on in their lives; however, few studies have examined the role language plays in social inclusion and exclusion. This study ...examines how adolescents and emerging adults in China make inclusion judgments of language-outgroup members and what reasons they use to justify their inclusion judgments. High school and university students (N = 376, 63.3% female) were recruited to complete a survey designed to examine their inclusion judgments and justifications. Our findings indicate that participants made different inclusion judgments toward speakers of different languages, and language was the most frequently used justification. They also used group identity, personal choice, and autonomy, group functioning, nationality, moral, and political/historical reasons as justifications. Adolescents were found to be more exclusive than emerging adults and used group identity and political/historical reasons more often to justify their inclusion judgments. The findings add to our understanding of the sophisticated ways in which adolescents and emerging adults make social decisions.
•We construct a multi-model comparison framework by employing typical IAMs.•We examine how China will contribute to the global 1.5 °C climate target.•China could contribute nearly one-fifth of the ...global negative emissions by 2100.•The proportion of BECCS could dramatically increase to 29% under the 1.5 °C case.•Energy demand control may rely more on coordination between CCS and clean energy.
Enhancing the warm-limiting targets to from below 2 °C to 1.5 °C is of great significance for climate change mitigation, during which the carbon capture and storage (CCS) of China is playing an important role. By framing a multi-model analysis to compare IAMs, this study aims to explore how China can contribute to the global 1.5 °C target, consistent with achieving its carbon neutrality goal. Our multi-model assessment shows that the enhanced targets will advance the reach time of China's carbon peak and neutrality. Under a relatively smooth emission path curve with CCS, China's carbon emissions will decrease sharply by the end of this century. It is estimated that China's negative carbon emissions will contribute nearly one-fifth of the global negative emissions in 2100, with its CCS-captured emissions accounting for 14%. In the energy system, fossil- and biomass-CCS will develop rapidly, with the proportion of biomass with CCS dramatically increasing to 29% and 17% under the 1.5 °C and 2 °C scenarios, respectively. There will be a relatively large gap between the capital and final use costs of CCS, which may weaken the technical advantage when competing with renewables during the life cycle. While the overall control of the energy consumption in the later period will rely more on the proportional adjustment and the coordination between biomass with CCS and clean energy.
Inflammation is important in chronic disease and can be modulated by dietary exposures. Our aim was to examine whether the inflammatory potential of diet after cancer diagnosis, assessed using the ...dietary inflammatory index (DII), is associated with all-cause and cause-specific mortality among women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI).
Our analytic cohort included 2,150 postmenopausal women, ages 50 to 79 years at baseline, who developed invasive breast cancer during follow-up and completed a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) on average 1.5 years after diagnosis. Women were followed from breast cancer diagnosis until death or the end of follow-up by October 2014. Energy-adjusted DII (E-DII) scores were calculated from food plus supplements using a nutrient-density approach. Cox proportional hazards models were fit to estimate multivariable-adjusted HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause, breast cancer-specific, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality.
After a median 13.3 years of follow-up, 580 deaths from any cause occurred, including 212 breast cancer deaths and 103 CVD deaths. Lower (i.e., more anti-inflammatory) E-DII scores were associated with a lower risk of CVD mortality (HR
= 0.44; 95% CI, 0.24-0.82;
= 0.005), but not with breast cancer-specific mortality (HR
= 0.96; 95% CI, 0.62-1.49;
= 0.96) or all-cause mortality (HR
= 0.82; 95% CI, 0.63-1.05;
= 0.17).
Consuming a more anti-inflammatory diet after breast cancer diagnosis may be a means for reducing risk of death from CVD.
Survival after invasive breast cancer diagnosis may be improved by consumption of an anti-inflammatory diet.
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In this paper, both dissipation and stabilization of nonlinear T-S fuzzy systems with uncertain parameters are considered. By designing a new integral sliding mode control scheme, which sufficiently ...utilizes the special properties of T-S fuzzy membership functions, the difficulties induced by the uncertainties and external interference in T-S fuzzy systems are overcome by this new scheme. For the time delay and uncertainty, sufficient conditions are given to ensure the strict dissipation and asymptotic stability of the corresponding sliding mode dynamics. We propose a fuzzy integral sliding mode control law to drive the system trajectory to the fuzzy switching surface in the case of uncertainty and external interference. The realization of a fuzzy sliding mode controller for an inverted pendulum system proves the feasibility and superiority of our theoretical results.
Millimeter wave (mmWave) system tends to have a large number of antenna elements to compensate for the high channel path loss. The immense number of BS antennas incurs high system costs, power, and ...interconnect bandwidth. To circumvent these obstacles, two-step hybrid precoding algorithms that enable the use of fewer RF chains have been proposed. However, the precoding schemes already in place are either too complex or not performing well enough. In this study, an equivalent channel hybrid precoding was proposed. The part from the transmitter RF chain to the receiver RF chain is regarded as equivalent channel. By reducing the dimension of channel matrix to the level of RF link number, baseband pre-coder is simply calculated from decomposing the equivalent channel matrix H equ , which greatly reduces the complexity. Based on this novel precoding approach and convolutional neural network (CNN), a novel combiner neural network architecture was also proposed, which can be trained to learn how to optimize the combiner for maximizing the spectral efficiency with hardware limitation and imperfect CSI. Simulation results show that the proposed approaches achieve significant performance improvement.
Diet has direct and indirect effects on health through inflammation and the gut microbiome. We investigated total dietary inflammatory potential via the literature-derived index (Dietary Inflammatory ...Index (DII®)) with gut microbiota diversity, composition and function. In cancer-free patient volunteers initially approached at colonoscopy and healthy volunteers recruited from the medical centre community, we assessed 16S ribosomal DNA in all subjects who provided dietary assessments and stool samples (n 101) and the gut metagenome in a subset of patients with residual fasting blood samples (n 34). Associations of energy-adjusted DII scores with microbial diversity and composition were examined using linear regression, permutational multivariate ANOVA and linear discriminant analysis. Spearman correlation was used to evaluate associations of species and pathways with DII and circulating inflammatory markers. Across DII levels, α- and β-diversity did not significantly differ; however, Ruminococcus torques, Eubacterium nodatum, Acidaminococcus intestini and Clostridium leptum were more abundant in the most pro-inflammatory diet group, while Akkermansia muciniphila was enriched in the most anti-inflammatory diet group. With adjustment for age and BMI, R. torques, E. nodatum and A. intestini remained significantly associated with a more pro-inflammatory diet. In the metagenomic and fasting blood subset, A. intestini was correlated with circulating plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, a pro-inflammatory marker (rho = 0·40), but no associations remained significant upon correction for multiple testing. An index reflecting overall inflammatory potential of the diet was associated with specific microbes, but not overall diversity of the gut microbiome in our study. Findings from this preliminary study warrant further research in larger samples and prospective cohorts.
Energy consumption is one of main reasons for global warming and highly correlated with economic development. As the largest energy consumer worldwide, China has entered a new economic development ...model—the “new normal.” This study aims to explore the pattern shift in China's energy consumption growth in this new development phase. We use structural decomposition analysis and environmentally extended input‐output analysis to decompose China's energy consumption changes during 2005–2012 into five factors: population, efficiency, production structure, consumption patterns, and consumption volume. During the period of the global financial crisis, the energy consumption generated by China's exports dropped, while the energy consumption generated by capital formation grew rapidly. Over three quarters of China's energy consumption growth was caused by capital formation during 2007–2010. This growth is mainly because of China's economic stimulus measures in response to the global recession, with a focus on infrastructure construction. In the new normal, the strongest factors offsetting China's energy consumption have been shifting from efficiency gains to structural changes. Efficiency gains were the strongest factor offsetting China's energy consumption in traditional development model and offset 42% of energy consumption between 2005 and 2010 by keeping other driving forces constant. Since 2010, however, their effects offsetting energy have become weak. The production structure and consumption patterns both drove China's energy consumption growth in the traditional development model and drove energy consumption growth by 31% and 12% between 2005 and 2010, respectively. Since 2010, however, both factors have started to offset China's energy consumption.
Key Points
This study aims to explore the pattern shift in China's energy consumption growth in the new development phase
During the period of the global financial crisis, the energy consumption generated by China's exports dropped
The strongest factors offsetting China's energy consumption have been shifting from efficiency gains to structural changes
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