Material sound effects are widely used in virtual reality and games to convey specific material sensations to the audience and improve the immersion experience. However, systematic research on ...parametrically controlling the material sensations evoked by sound effects is lacking. This study presents a new method of sound design regarding the control of parameters - pitch, waveform, attenuation time and artificial harmonics. The acoustic semantic experiments demonstrate that these sound effects can convey virtual material sensations with a 78% understanding rate with only auditory cues. This study can broaden our thinking regarding sound effects, music production and related disciplines .
Aqueous Mn2+/MnO2‐based batteries have attracted enormous attentions in aqueous energy storage fields, owing to their high working voltage and theoretical capacity (616 mAh g−1) brought by the ...two‐electron reaction (Mn2+/Mn4+). However, there are currently several tricky challenges facing Mn2+/MnO2‐based batteries: their complicated working mechanisms, existing issues, and optimization strategies. This Perspective aims to provide a mechanistic understanding and an overview of the insufficiency, optimization, and future development for Mn2+/MnO2‐based batteries. The existing issues and deficiency in Mn2+/MnO2‐based batteries have been systematically analyzed, and optimization strategies have also been rationally summarized and discussed with deep insights. Also, the often‐overlooked optimized objects and aspects have been highlighted with unique perspectives. The proposals of testing methods and performance assessment are presented, containing different degradation mechanisms. Based on the above points, this Perspective will provide guidance and contribute to the further development of aqueous Mn2+/MnO2‐based batteries.
Mn batteries: This Perspective aims to provide a mechanistic understanding and an overview of the insufficiency and the optimization for Mn2+/MnO2‐based batteries. The existing issues are systematically analyzed, and optimization strategies are rationally discussed with deep insights. Furthermore, different cell devices and degradation mechanisms are summarized and analyzed, with perspectives on testing protocols proposed.
Continuous flow synthesis is a widely used method for synthesizing fine chemicals due to its benefits such as process intensification, improved reproducibility, and the ability to perform otherwise ...impossible transformations. Multistep continuous flow synthesis (MCFS) simplifies the synthesis of complex molecules by telescoping multiple steps into a streamlined and potentially automated process, reducing human efforts and time. Despite these advantages, challenges such as solid formation, solvent and reagent incompatibilities, and intermediate purification difficulties limit the development of MCFS. Overcoming these challenges will accelerate the innovative development of MCFS, thereby leading to enhanced multistep synthesis. This Perspective highlights representative examples of complex molecule production enabled by MCFS, where various in-line purification technologies were utilized during the flow processes.
Despite remarkable progress in photocatalytic hydrogen atom transfer (HAT)-induced C(sp3)–H functionalization, achieving C(sp3)–H to C(sp3)–P transformation by the HAT process remains highly ...challenging due to P-reagents’ compatibility issues. α-Aminophosphonic acids have shown great potential in medicinal chemistry, yet their synthesis is hindered by limited substrate scopes, poor functional group tolerance, and reliance on prefunctionalized substrates, restricting their broad applications. Herein, we report photocatalytic HAT-induced α-C(sp3)–H phosphonylation of aliphatic amines, providing rapid access to structurally diverse α-aminophosphonates from abundant amines. Leveraging intramolecular HAT, radical polar crossover, and an Arbuzov-type phosphonylation cascade, the challenges associated with HAT-induced C(sp3)–H to C(sp3)–P transformation were overcome. This protocol features base-free, redox-neutral, and mild conditions and broad scopes, employing amines as limiting reagents, and allows for late-stage phosphonylation of complex drug molecules possessing amine moieties.
Abstract
Efficient methods for synthesizing 1,2‐aryl(alkenyl) heteroatomic cores, encompassing heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and halogens, are of significant importance in medicinal ...chemistry and pharmaceutical research. In this study, we present a mild, versatile and practical photoredox/iron dual catalytic system that enables access to highly privileged 1,2‐aryl(alkenyl) heteroatomic pharmacophores with exceptional efficiency and site selectivity. Our approach exhibits an extensive scope, allowing for the direct utilization of a wide range of commodity or commercially available (hetero)arenes as well as activated and unactivated alkenes with diverse functional groups, drug scaffolds, and natural product motifs as substrates. By merging iron catalysis with the photoredox cycle, a vast array of alkene 1,2‐aryl(alkenyl) functionalization products that incorporate a neighboring azido, amino, halo, thiocyano and nitrooxy group were secured. The scalability and ability to rapid synthesize numerous bioactive small molecules from readily available starting materials highlight the utility of this protocol.
Conformal dose deliveries in proton therapy utilize either a passive scattering system with a modulator or a pencil beam scanning (PBS) system. Efforts have been made to achieve conformal dose ...delivery by scanning a single energy layer of pencil beams through a 3D conformal modulator (3DCM), which combines a spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) modulator consisting of a micro-pyramid array and a range compensator. The current published approach of designing such 3DCM relies on forward calculation methods to determine the geometry of the modulator. This study presents an alternative designing algorithm that inversely generates the geometry of a 3DCM paired with a corresponding fluence map, customized to patient-specific clinical indications.
Critical spacing governing the size and separation between neighboring micro-pyramids was first determined, under which the dose homogeneity at desired depths could be achieved. We designed an adaptive ring optimization method using a modified gradient descent algorithm to inversely calculate the geometry of the 3DCM. This method includes several stages that progressively optimize both target coverage and dose conformity. The output contains the geometry of the 3DCM and its corresponding proton fluence map. Monte Carlo (MC) simulation was used to validate the results.
The critical size and spacing of Lucite pyramids was determined to be 0.5 cm for a 184-MeV pristine proton beam. Using MATLAB (R2020a), the inverse designing algorithm generated an optimized 3DCM geometry and a fluence distribution achieving 100% target coverage with the 90% isodose surface and a corresponding conformity index of 1.057 on a spherical target. The resulting geometry was pruned to accommodate the MC simulation software and a currently accessible 3D printing service. The pruned geometry gave 95% target coverage by 90% isodose surface with a conformity index of 1.09 by ray-tracing dose computation. The MC simulation validated the 3DCM with 95% target coverage by 87% isodose surface and a conformity index of 1.12.
We have demonstrated the feasibility of using a novel inverse optimization algorithm to generate 3DCM geometry and its corresponding proton beam fluence/intensity map, which could deliver highly conformal dose distribution with pencil beam scanning system using a single energy layer.
Recently, a solar-driven evaporator has been applied in seawater desalination, but the low stability, high cost, and complex fabrication limit its further application. Herein, we report a novel, ...low-cost, scalable, and easily fabricated pulp-natural rubber (PNR) foam with a unique porous structure, which was directly used as a solar-driven evaporator after facile surface carbonization. This surface carbonized PNR (CPNR) foam without interface adhesion or modification was composed of a top photothermal layer with light absorption ability and a bottom hydrophilic foam layer with a porous and interconnected network structure. Due to the strong light absorption ability (93.2%) of the carbonized top layer, together with the low thermal conductivity (0.1 W m K–1) and good water adsorption performance (9.9 g g–1) of the bottom layer, the evaporation rate and evaporation efficiency of the pulp foam evaporator under 1 sun of illumination attained 1.62 kg m–2 h–1 and 98.09%, respectively, which were much higher than those of most cellulose-based solar-driven evaporators. Furthermore, the CPNR foam evaporator with high cost-effectiveness presented high light-thermal conversion, heat localization, and good salt rejection properties due to the unique porous structure. Additionally, the CPNR foam evaporator exhibited potential applications in the treatments of simulated sewage, metal ion concentration, and seawater desalination. Its cost-effectiveness was clearly higher than that of most reported evaporators as well. Therefore, this novel, low-cost, and stable pulp foam evaporator demonstrated here can be a very promising solution for water desalination and purification.
The direct current will cause the electromagnetic current transformer (CT) saturation, which will lead to the measurement error of some energy meters using CT for current sensing. This article ...presents a novel anti-dc bias energy meter. In the proposed approach, the magnetic-valve-type current transformer (MVCT) is used as the current sensor in the meter instead of conventional CT. As a result, the distorted secondary current can be fully compensated within MVCT when the core gets saturated. The principle of the new technology is described in detail. The simulations and experiments are performed to verify the correctness and feasibility of this novel energy meter when measuring load power consumption with dc bias.
If current transformer (CT) is saturated in operation, it will lead to incorrect current measurements and may cause relay maloperation, which can greatly threaten the safety of power grid. This paper ...analyzed the basic measuring characteristics of the proposed novel current transformer based on virtual air gap. This method can successfully compensate the distorted secondary current and expand the measuring range. Based on the simplified magnetization curve model, its working state is divided into linear working state, partially saturated working state and saturated state. Furthermore, its basic measuring characteristics are deducted theoretically. The theory is verified by FEM simulation results and prototype experiments. The difference between this method and other methods is also discussed. Compared with CT, this method adopts partial-gapped magnetic core and magnetic field sensor (MFS) for current reconstruction. When it works in rated state, this method is like a normal CT. Once the primary current saturated the small section core, it will be like a virtual gap, making the whole core more difficult to saturate and allowing the measurement of leakage flux. It has the advantages of simple and compact structure and can be embedded into the electronic current transformer (ECT) system. In this sense, it can have a good application prospect. The main limitation is the requirement of high permeability material for accuracy performance.
