Hardware implementation of artificial synaptic devices that emulate the functions of biological synapses is inspired by the biological neuromorphic system and has drawn considerable interest. Here, a ...three‐terminal ferrite synaptic device based on a topotactic phase transition between crystalline phases is presented. The electrolyte‐gating‐controlled topotactic phase transformation between brownmillerite SrFeO2.5 and perovskite SrFeO3−δ is confirmed from the examination of the crystal and electronic structure. A synaptic transistor with electrolyte‐gated ferrite films by harnessing gate‐controllable multilevel conduction states, which originate from many distinct oxygen‐deficient perovskite structures of SrFeOx induced by topotactic phase transformation, is successfully constructed. This three‐terminal artificial synapse can mimic important synaptic functions, such as synaptic plasticity and spike‐timing‐dependent plasticity. Simulations of a neural network consisting of ferrite synaptic transistors indicate that the system offers high classification accuracy. These results provide insight into the potential application of advanced topotactic phase transformation materials for designing artificial synapses with high performance.
A ferrite synaptic transistor with topotactic transformation is presented. The electrolyte‐gating‐controlled topotactic phase transformation between the brownmillerite SrFeO2.5 and perovskite SrFeO3−δ is confirmed by the crystal and electronic structure measurements. This ferrite synaptic transistor can mimic important synaptic functions such as synaptic plasticity and spike‐timing‐dependent plasticity.
Background
Early diagnosis of liver metastasis is of great importance for enhancing the survival of colorectal adenocarcinoma (CAD) patients, and the combined use of a single biomarker in a classier ...model has shown great improvement in predicting the metastasis of several types of cancers. However, it is little reported for CAD. This study therefore aimed to screen an optimal classier model of CAD with liver metastasis and explore the metastatic mechanisms of genes when applying this classier model.
Methods
The differentially expressed genes between primary CAD samples and CAD with metastasis samples were screened from the Moffitt Cancer Center (MCC) dataset GSE131418. The classification performances of six selected algorithms, namely, LR, RF, SVM, GBDT, NN, and CatBoost, for classification of CAD with liver metastasis samples were compared using the MCC dataset GSE131418 by detecting their classification test accuracy. In addition, the consortium datasets of GSE131418 and GSE81558 were used as internal and external validation sets to screen the optimal method. Subsequently, functional analyses and a drug‐targeted network construction of the feature genes when applying the optimal method were conducted.
Results
The optimal CatBoost model with the highest accuracy of 99%, and an area under the curve of 1, was screened, which consisted of 33 feature genes. A functional analysis showed that the feature genes were closely associated with a “steroid metabolic process” and “lipoprotein particle receptor binding” (eg APOB and APOC3). In addition, the feature genes were significantly enriched in the “complement and coagulation cascade” pathways (eg FGA, F2, and F9). In a drug‐target interaction network, F2 and F9 were predicted as targets of menadione.
Conclusion
The CatBoost model constructed using 33 feature genes showed the optimal classification performance for identifying CAD with liver metastasis.
APOB, APOC3, FGA, F2, F9, and NKX2‐3 were potential biomarkers for classification of CAD with liver metastasis. Menadione might be a promising anti‐metastatic drug of CAD cells through functioning its role at sites of F2 and F9. CatBoost model constructed by 33 feature genes showed the optimal classification performance for identifying CAD liver metastasis.
Background
Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has confirmed disrupted visual network connectivity in migraine without aura (MwoA). The thalamus plays a pivotal role in a ...number of pain conditions, including migraine. However, the significance of altered thalamo-visual functional connectivity (FC) in migraine remains unknown. The goal of this study was to explore thalamo-visual FC integrity in patients with MwoA and investigate its clinical significance.
Methods
Resting-state fMRI data were acquired from 33 patients with MwoA and 22 well-matched healthy controls. After identifying the visual network by independent component analysis, we compared neural activation in the visual network and thalamo-visual FC and assessed whether these changes were linked to clinical characteristics. We used voxel-based morphometry to determine whether functional differences were dependent on structural differences.
Results
The visual network exhibited significant differences in regions (bilateral cunei, right lingual gyrus and left calcarine sulcus) by inter-group comparison. The patients with MwoA showed significantly increased FC between the left thalami and bilateral cunei and between the right thalamus and the contralateral calcarine sulcus and right cuneus. Furthermore, the neural activation of the left calcarine sulcus was positively correlated with visual analogue scale scores (
r
= 0.319,
p
= 0.043), and enhanced FC between the left thalamus and right cuneus in migraine patients was negatively correlated with Generalized Anxiety Disorder scores (
r
= − 0.617,
p
= 0.005).
Conclusion
Our data suggest that migraine distress is exacerbated by aberrant feedback projections to the visual network, playing a crucial role in migraine physiological mechanisms. The current study provides further insights into the complex scenario of migraine mechanisms.
Mesocellular foam (MCF) silica molecular sieve material was successfully synthesized using a hydrothermal method. X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, low nitrogen adsorption-desorption, ...scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization techniques were used to characterize the material. Low temperature nitrogen adsorption-desorption method showed that pore size of the synthesized MCF was 12 nm. TEM study showed that the synthesized MCFs had honeycomb structure pores, which can be good for the absorbance of dye organic macromolecule substances. This work studied the adsorption of crystal violet by MCF and the results showed that when the adsorptive conditions were pH = 9.0, MCF:crystal violet = 150:1, and when the contact time was 10 min at room temperature of 25 ± 1 °C, the adsorption rate reached 99.71% and adsorption capacity was 6.646 mg/g. This study found that the adsorption is a Freundlich type, it is a multimolecular layer adsorption, and it belongs to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. According to the ΔG
obtained from adsorption thermodynamics, when the temperature is 25-40 °C, the adsorption enthalpy change ΔH
= -25.65 kJ/mol, ΔG
< 0, the adsorption is an exothermic reaction and can spontaneously occur. The adsorption entropy change ΔS
= 5.54 J/(mol·K) and the entropy of system increased.
Autoinflammatory diseases are caused by defects in genes that regulate the innate immunity. Recently, the scope of autoinflammation has been broadened to include diseases that result from ...dysregulations in protein modifications by the highly conserved ubiquitin (Ub) peptides. Thus far these diseases consist of linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) and OTULIN deficiencies, and haploinsufficiency of A20. The LUBAC is critical for linear ubiquitination of key signaling molecules in immune response pathways, while deubiquitinase enzymes, OTULIN and TNFAIP3/A20, reverse the effects of ubiquitination by hydrolyzing linear (Met1) and Lys63 (K63) Ub moieties, respectively, from conjugated proteins. Consequently, OTULIN or A20-deficient cells have an excess of Met1 or K63 Ub chains on NEMO, RIPK1, and other target substrates, which lead to constitutive activation of the NF-kB pathway. Mutant cells produce elevated levels of many proinflammatory cytokines and respond to therapy with cytokine inhibitors. Patients with an impairment in LUBAC stability have compromised NF-kB responses in non-immune cells such as fibroblasts, while their monocytes are hyperresponsive to IL-1β. Discoveries of germline mutations in enzymes that regulate protein modifications by Ub define a new category of autoinflammatory diseases caused by upregulations in the NF-kB signaling. The primary aim of this review is to summarize the latest developments in our understanding of the etiology of autoinflammation.
Objective To evaluate the performance of a convolutional neural network (CNN) model that can automatically detect and classify rib fractures, and output structured reports from computed tomography ...(CT) images. Materials and Methods This study included 1079 patients (median age, 55 years; men, 718) from three hospitals, between January 2011 and January 2019, who were divided into a monocentric training set (n = 876; median age, 55 years; men, 582), five multicenter/multiparameter validation sets (n = 173; median age, 59 years; men, 118) with different slice thicknesses and image pixels, and a normal control set (n = 30; median age, 53 years; men, 18). Three classifications (fresh, healing, and old fracture) combined with fracture location (corresponding CT layers) were detected automatically and delivered in a structured report. Precision, recall, and F1-score were selected as metrics to measure the optimum CNN model. Detection/diagnosis time, precision, and sensitivity were employed to compare the diagnostic efficiency of the structured report and that of experienced radiologists. Results A total of 25054 annotations (fresh fracture, 10089; healing fracture, 10922; old fracture, 4043) were labelled for training (18584) and validation (6470). The detection efficiency was higher for fresh fractures and healing fractures than for old fractures (F1-scores, 0.849, 0.856, 0.770, respectively, p = 0.023 for each), and the robustness of the model was good in the five multicenter/multiparameter validation sets (all mean F1-scores > 0.8 except validation set 5 512 × 512 pixels; F1-score = 0.757). The precision of the five radiologists improved from 80.3% to 91.1%, and the sensitivity increased from 62.4% to 86.3% with artificial intelligence-assisted diagnosis. On average, the diagnosis time of the radiologists was reduced by 73.9 seconds. Conclusion Our CNN model for automatic rib fracture detection could assist radiologists in improving diagnostic efficiency, reducing diagnosis time and radiologists' workload.
Background
Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (Rs-fMRI) has confirmed sensorimotor network (SMN) dysfunction in migraine without aura (MwoA). However, the underlying mechanisms of ...SMN effective functional connectivity in MwoA remain unclear. We aimed to explore the association between clinical characteristics and effective functional connectivity in SMN, in interictal patients who have MwoA.
Methods
We used Rs-fMRI to acquire imaging data in 40 episodic patients with MwoA in the interictal phase and 34 healthy controls (HCs). Independent component analysis was used to profile the distribution of SMN and calculate the different SMN activity between the two groups. Subsequently, Granger causality analysis was used to analyze the effective functional connectivity between the SMN and other brain regions.
Results
Compared to the HCs, MwoA patients showed higher activity in the bilateral postcentral gyri (PoCG), but lower activity in the left midcingulate cortex (MCC). Moreover, MwoA patients showed decreased effective functional connectivity from the SMN to left middle temporal gyrus, right putamen, left insula and bilateral precuneus, but increased effective functional connectivity to the right paracentral lobule. There was also significant effective functional connectivity from the primary visual cortex, right cuneus and right putamen to the SMN. In the interictal period, there was positive correlation between the activity of the right PoCG and the frequency of headache. The disease duration was positively correlated with abnormal effective functional connectivity from the left PoCG to right precuneus. In addition, the headache impact scores were negatively correlated with abnormal effective functional connectivity from the left MCC to right paracentral lobule, as well as from the right precuneus to left PoCG.
Conclusions
These differential, resting-state functional activities of the SMN in episodic MwoA may contribute to the understanding of migraine-related intra- and internetwork imbalances associated with nociceptive regulation and chronification.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and 70-80% of PD patients suffer from gastrointestinal dysfunction such as constipation. We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of fecal ...microbiota transplantation (FMT) for treating PD related to gastrointestinal dysfunction. We conducted a prospective, single- study. Eleven patients with PD received FMT. Fecal samples were collected before and after FMT and subjected to 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene sequencing. Hoehn-Yahr (H-Y) grade, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) score, and the Non-Motion Symptom Questionnaire (NMSS) were used to assess improvements in motor and non-motor symptoms. PAC-QOL score and Wexner constipation score were used to assess the patient's constipation symptoms. All patients were tested by the small intestine breath hydrogen test, performed before and after FMT. Community richness (chao) and microbial structure in before-FMT PD patients were significantly different from the after-FMT. We observed an increased abundance of Blautia and Prevotella in PD patients after FMT, while the abundance of Bacteroidetes decreased dramatically. After FMT, the H-Y grade, UPDRS, and NMSS of PD patients decreased significantly. Through the lactulose H2 breath test, the intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) in PD patients returned to normal. The PAC-QOL score and Wexner constipation score in after-FMT patients decreased significantly. Our study profiles specific characteristics and microbial dysbiosis in the gut of PD patients. FMT might be a therapeutic potential for reconstructing the gut microbiota of PD patients and improving their motor and non-motor symptoms.
In order to study the adsorption effect of peanut shell as adsorbent on dye wastewater in industry, the optimum adsorption conditions of peanut shell for methylene blue were explored in this article. ...The decolorized peanut shell was activated by zinc chloride and the adsorption rate of methylene blue dye was improved. Through the research of different conditions such as pH value, contact time, adsorption temperature, initial dye concentration and adsorbent dosage, the optimal adsorption conditions of methylene blue dye were obtained. The adsorption effect achieved was the best at pH 10. Kinetics, thermodynamics, adsorption isotherm properties of the adsorption of methylene blue onto the peanut shell activated by zinc chloride were studied. The adsorption satisfied the Freundlich isothermal adsorption equation and the adsorption process was exothermic. The present adsorption system is a heterogeneous adsorption. The adsorption of methylene blue onto peanut shell accorded with a quasi-second-order adsorption kinetics. This adsorption was a physicochemical adsorption. Finally, the involved adsorption materials prepared were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. This method can effectively adsorb the methylene blue pollutants in water and solves the problem of the environmental pollution caused by the direct discharge of dye wastewater, which has certain economic and social benefits.
For x∈(0,1, let d1(x),d2(x),…,dn(x),…L denote the Lüroth expansion of x. Let A⊂{2,3,…} be a finite subset and n∈N. The longest block function Ln(x,A) with respect to A is defined as the length of the ...longest consecutive sequence whose elements are all in A during the first n digits d1(x),…,dn(x). Let {φ(n)}n≥1 be a non-decreasing integer sequence and define the exceptional setE({φ(n)}n≥1)={x∈(0,1:limsupn→∞Ln(x,A)φ(n)=1}. In this paper, we completely determine the Hausdorff dimension of E({φ(n)}n≥1).
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