In this paper, a joint beam selection and power allocation (JBSPA) strategy is developed for multiple target tracking in netted colocated multiple-input multiple-output radar system. Each radar in ...this network adopts a multibeam working mode, in which multiple simultaneous transmit beams are synthesized. The basis of the JBSPA strategy is to use the optimization technique to control the limited beam and power resource of each radar in order to achieve accurate target state estimation. The Bayesian Cramér-Rao lower bound is derived, normalized, and subsequently utilized, as the optimization criterion for the JBSPA strategy. The resulting optimization problem consists of two adaptable parameters, one for beam selection and the other for power allocation. By introducing an auxiliary vector, a fast two-step solution technique is presented to jointly decide the number of beams generated by each radar, as well as the assignment and transmit power of each beam, subject to some resource constraints. Simulation results verify the superiority of the proposed JBSPA algorithm, in terms of the worst-case tracking accuracy of the multiple targets.
Colocated multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar can transmit a group of distinct waveforms via its colocated transmit antennas and the waveform diversity leads to several advantages in contrast ...to conventional phased-array radar. The performance depends highly on the degrees available, and element spacing can be deemed as another source of degrees of freedom. In this paper, we study the joint waveform and element spacing optimization problem. A joint waveform and array optimization criterion is proposed to match the transmit beampattern, the suppression range, and the angular sidelobes, under the constraints of minimal element spacing and total array aperture. Meanwhile, the effect of receive beamforming on suppressing mutual correlation between returns from different spatial directions is also incorporated into the optimization criterion. The optimization problem is solved by the sequential quadratic programming algorithm. Numerical results indicate that with more degrees of freedom from array spacings, colocated MIMO radar achieves a better transmit beampattern matching performance and a lower sidelobe level, compared with a fixed half-wavelength spaced array, but the benefits from additional degrees of freedom from array spacing optimization have a limit.
Abstract
Background
Inflammation is a key feature of heart failure including HFpEF. The leukocyte count is a marker of inflammation that is widely used in clinical practice. However, there is little ...available evidence for the relationship between leukocyte count and the outcomes of HFpEF.
Methods
We analyzed data from the TOPCAT (Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure with an Aldosterone Antagonist) trial. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality, the secondary outcome was composite cardiovascular events and hospitalization for heart failure. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to compare the risk profiles of patients with leukocyte quartiles, subgroup study divided by sex was also analyzed.
Results
The present study included 2898 patients with HFpEF.429 deaths, 671 composite cardiovascular events and 386 hospitalization for heart failure occurred during a mean 3.4 years follow-up. The association between leukocyte count and adverse outcomes followed a U-shaped curve. After multivariable adjustment, the patients with the lowest leukocyte count (Q1) and the highest leukocyte count (Q4) faced higher risk of all-cause death(Q1 vs. Q2, adjusted HR: 1.439; 95% CI: 1.060–1.953, p = 0.020; Q4 vs. Q2, adjusted HR, 1.901; 95%CI: 1.424–2.539, p < 0.001). The subgroup analysis showed a consistent result in female but not male patients.
Conclusions
The association between leukocyte count and risk of adverse outcomes followed a U-shaped curve. Both higher and lower leukocyte count are associated with worse outcomes in patients with HFpEF, which may be attributed to the two sides of inflammation in cardiac remodeling.
The effect of flavonoid consumption on all-cause and special-cause mortality remains unclear among populations with hypertension.
A total of 6110 people with hypertension from three NHANES survey ...cycles (2007-2008, 2009-2010, and 2017-2018) were enrolled in this study. Cox proportional hazard models were conducted to estimate the association between the intake of total flavonoids and flavonoid subclasses and all-cause, cancer-related, and cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related mortality. Nonlinear relationships were identified using restricted cubic splines (RCS).
During 43,977 person-years of follow-up, 1155 participants died from any cause, 282 participants died from CVD, and 265 participants died from cancer. After adjusting for relevant confounders, including demographic, lifestyle, and dietary intake, a higher intake of total flavonoids was significantly associated with lower all-cause mortality but not CVD-related and cancer-related mortality among the population with hypertension. Compared with extreme quartiles, the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were 0.74 (0.56-0.97) for all-cause mortality, 0.77 (0.40-1.46) for CVD-related mortality, and 0.62 (0.35-1.08) for cancer-related mortality. In terms of all-cause mortality, this inverse association was optimized at total flavonoid consumption of approximately 375 mg/day. In addition, the negative association between total flavonoid consumption and all-cause mortality was more pronounced in non-obese (BMI < 30 kg/m
) compared to obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m
) populations. Higher intakes of anthocyanidin, flavan-3-ol, flavonol, and isoflavone were significantly associated with lower all-cause mortality (HR (95%CI): 0.70 (0.55-0.89); 0.76 (0.59-0.96); 0.66 (0.46-0.94); 0.79 (0.67-0.93), respectively). Higher intakes of anthocyanidin, flavan-3-ol, and flavonol were significantly associated with lower cancer-related mortality (HR (95%CI): 0.55 (0.32-0.93); 0.51 (0.31-0.82); 0.52 (0.28-0.96), respectively).
This study suggests that a heightened consumption of total flavonoids and some flavonoid subclasses was linked to lower mortality, which supports the proposal of increasing flavonoid intake as part of healthy diets in patients with hypertension.
Previous studies reported the prognostic value of the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) in the course of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Still, the predictive utility of the ...AIP is unknown among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
This was a secondary analysis of the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) study, which randomized 10,251 patients with long-lasting T2DM. ROC curve analysis was used to determine an optimal threshold for AIP, and the study population was divided into high and low AIP groups. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to determine the association between AIP and primary (major adverse cardiovascular events MACEs, including nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, and/or death from cardiovascular causes) and secondary outcomes (all-cause mortality). Stratified analyses were performed to control for the confounding factors.
AIP was an independent risk factor for the prognosis of T2DM (HR = 1.309; 95% CI 1.084-1.581; P = 0.005). The threshold for AIP was determined to be 0.34 in the study population. After adjustments for confounding factors, multivariable analysis showed that AIP was associated with the risk of MACEs (Model 1: HR = 1.333, 95% CI 1.205-1.474, P < 0.001; Model 2: HR = 1.171, 95% CI 1.030-1.333, P = 0.016; Model 3: HR = 1.194, 95% CI 1.049-1.360, P = 0.007), all-cause mortality (Model 1: HR = 1.184, 95% CI 1.077-1.303, P < 0.001), cardiovascular death (Model 1: HR = 1.422, 95% CI 1.201-1.683, P < 0.001; Model 3: HR = 1.264, 95% CI 1.015-1.573, P = 0.036), and nonfatal myocardial infarction (Model 1: HR = 1.447, 95% CI 1.255-1.669, P < 0.001; Model 2: HR = 1.252, 95% CI 1.045-1.499, P = 0.015; Model 3: HR = 1.284, 95% CI 1.071-1.539, P = 0.007). Subgroup stratified analyses showed that AIP might interact with sex, a classical risk factor of cardiovascular events.
This study showed that AIP might be a strong biomarker that could be used to predict the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with T2DM.
URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT00000620.
The morphology and active site engineering of electrocatalysts is an efficient strategy to improve the intrinsic activity and selectivity of electrocatalytic CO2 reduction. Here the ultralong and ...thin Bi nanobelts (Bi‐NBs) are fabricated, which feature a high edge‐to‐facet ratio and high‐degree connectivity is inherited from the ultrahigh‐aspect‐ratio crystalline bismuth−organic hybrid nanobelts, through a cathodically in situ reconstruction process. The unique nanostructure of Bi‐NBs leads to a significantly enhanced performance for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction with a near‐unity formate selectivity and high formate partial current density, which is far superior to those of the discrete Bi counterparts with low edge‐to‐facet ratios. Notably, Bi‐NBs perform ultrahigh formate selectivity over a broad potential window with a high current density reaching 400 mA cm−2 for formate production in a flow cell. Moreover, it is ultrastable to continuous electrolysis for nearly 23 h at 200 mA cm−2 without compromising the selectivity. Based on calculations, the enhanced performance is closely related to the high edge‐to‐facet ratio of Bi‐NBs, since the rich edge sites are conducive to the stabilization of the key *OCHO intermediate for formate production. In addition, the ultralong and interconnected Bi‐NBs provide “expressways” for electron transfer during CO2 electroreduction, further contributing to the improved performance.
Thin Bi nanobelts inheriting the high edge‐to‐facet ratio and high‐degree connectivity are fabricated by cathodical in situ conversion of bismuth–organic hybrid nanobelts. Such distinctive structure is conducive to stabilization of the key *OCHO intermediate for formate production and acts as “expressways” for electron transfer leading to an excellent electrocatalytic performance toward electrocatalytic CO2 reduction to formate.
Some passive sensors can measure only directions of arrival of signals, but the real positions of signal sources are often desirable, which can be estimated by combining distributed passive sensors ...as a network. However, passive observations should be correctly associated first. This paper studies the multi-target data association and signal localization problem in distributed passive sensor networks. With angle-only measurements from distributed passive sensors, multiple lines in a 3-dimensional (3D) scenario can be built and then those that will intersect in a small volume in 3D are classified into the same source. The center of the small volume is taken as an estimate of the signal source position, whose statistical distributions are formulated. If the minimum distance is less than an association threshold, then two lines are considered to be from the same signal source. In numerical results, the impacts of angle measurement accuracy and platform self-positioning accuracy are analyzed, indicating that this method can achieve a prescribed data association rate and a high positioning performance with a low computation cost.
For spatial-frequency diversity radar, diversity channels may receive partially correlated target returns and channel signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) may be different. For six typical scenarios of ...diversity radar, we design detection algorithms and analyze their detection performances in theory and via numerical results. It is shown that the detectors considering target correlation and channel SNR distribution can improve the detection performance of diversity radar. Whether certain channel SNRs can achieve a higher optimal detection probability than another depends on total channel SNR and false alarm rate.
Abstract
Background
The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is a reliable surrogate marker of insulin resistance and is associated with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in patients with type ...2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the long-term effect of the TyG index on the incidence of MACEs remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the association between the cumulative TyG index and the risk of MACEs in patients with T2DM.
Methods
This post-hoc analysis of the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial assessed patients’ (T2DM > 3 months) cumulative TyG index and MACE data from the study database. Five fasting blood glucose and triglyceride measurements, at baseline and the first four visits, were taken from 5695 participants who had not experienced MACEs. Cumulative exposure to the TyG index was calculated as the weighted sum of the mean TyG index value for each time interval (value × time). Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazard models and restricted cubic spline analysis were used to determine the association between the cumulative TyG index and MACEs. The incremental predictive value of the cumulative TyG index was further assessed.
Results
Over a median follow-up of 5.09 years, 673 (11.82%) MACEs occurred, including 256 (4.50%) cardiovascular disease (CVD) deaths, 288 (5.06%) non-fatal myocardial infarctions (MIs), and 197 (3.46%) strokes. The risk of developing MACEs increased with the cumulative TyG index quartile. After adjusting for multiple potential confounders, the hazard ratios for the very high cumulative TyG index group versus the low group were 1.59 (95% confidence interval CI, 1.17–2.16), 1.97 (95% CI 1.19–3.26), and 1.66 (95% CI 1.02–2.70) for overall MACEs, CVD death, and non-fatal MI, respectively. Restricted cubic spline analysis also showed a cumulative increase in the risk of MACEs with an increase in the magnitude of the cumulative TyG index. The addition of the cumulative TyG index to a conventional risk model for MACEs improved the C-statistics, net reclassification improvement value, and integrated discrimination improvement value.
Conclusions
In patients with T2DM, the cumulative TyG index independently predicts the incidence of MACEs, and monitoring the long-term TyG index may assist with optimized-for-risk stratification and outcome prediction for MACEs.
Trial registration
URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00000620.
RIG-I and MDA5 have emerged as key cytosolic sensors for the detection of RNA viruses and lead to antiviral interferon (IFN) production. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of ...posttranslational modifications for controlling RIG-I antiviral activity. However, the regulation of MDA5 signal-transducing ability remains unclear. Here, we show that MDA5 signaling activity is regulated by a dynamic balance between phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of its caspase recruitment domains (CARDs). Employing a phosphatome RNAi screen, we identified PP1α and PP1γ as the primary phosphatases that are responsible for MDA5 and RIG-I dephosphorylation and that lead to their activation. Silencing of PP1α and PP1γ enhanced RIG-I and MDA5 CARD phosphorylation and reduced antiviral IFN-β production. PP1α- and PP1γ-depleted cells were impaired in their ability to induce IFN-stimulated gene expression, which resulted in enhanced RNA virus replication. This work identifies PP1α and PP1γ as regulators of antiviral innate immune responses to various RNA viruses, including influenza virus, paramyxovirus, dengue virus, and picornavirus.
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► The MDA5 CARDs undergo robust phosphorylation in uninfected cells ► MDA5 signaling activity is regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation at S88 ► A functional screen identifies PP1α and PP1γ as activators of MDA5 and RIG-I ► PP1α and PP1γ are essential for RIG-I- and MDA5-mediated antiviral innate immunity
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