•Preparation of resveratrol esters with caprylic acid.•Hydrolysis of resveratrol esters in modeling gastrointestinal digestion.•No hydrolysis of resveratrol esters in mouth and gastric ...phases.•Digestibility of resveratrol esters in intestinal phase by pancreatic lipase.•Differences in hydrolysis degree between esters with various substitution degrees.
Lipophenols, esterified phenols with fatty acids, have attracted increasing attention because of their better protective effects in lipid-based food matrices from oxidation. However, little is known about their digestion. In this study, the digestive stability of resveratrol (RSV) esters with caprylic acid (RCAPs) in a model gastrointestinal digestion system was evaluated. The results demonstrated that RCAPs were relatively stable without hydrolysis in mouth and gastric phases. However, in the intestinal phase, pancreatic lipase rather than phospholipase A2 could hydrolyze monoester and diesters to free RSV. After 120 min of incubation at 37 °C, 53.68% of monoester and 11.36% of diesters were hydrolyzed. However, no hydrolysis of the triester was noticed. Obviously, the level of hydrolysis of RCAPs was negatively correlated with the degree of substitution. Therefore, it was speculated that RSV in fatty acid ester forms could partially be absorbed by intestinal lumen in the form of free RSV.
In this letter, a novel high-isolation 35/94-GHz dual-frequency orthogonal Cassegrain antenna is designed. The antenna consists of a D = 800 mm main reflector, a subreflector, and a dual-band ...orthogonal-polarization feed. In order to get similar feed horn's E-H radiation patterns and similar phase center positions at the dual frequencies separately, the dual-mode conical horn is designed in the feed. For obtaining a high isolation, a three-order low-pass filter is designed in the Ka-band waveguide feed port. The measured antenna gains are 43.6 and 51.3 dBi, and the sidelobe levels are -27.5 and -26.5 dB at 35 and 94 GHz, respectively. The isolation between the two ports is -61.0 dB in the Ka-band and -63.5 dB in the W-band. The proposed antenna is a suitable candidate for a dual-band radar system.
Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is considered to be an effective treatment for inflammation-related diseases, and small molecules origin from natural products show promising activity ...against sEH. Two undescribed protostanes, 3β-hydroxy-25-anhydro-alisol F (1) and 3β-hydroxy-alisol G (2) were isolated from Alisma orientale and identified as new sEH inhibitors with IC50 values of 10.06 and 30.45 μM, respectively. Potential lead compound 1 was determined as an uncompetitive inhibitor against sEH, which had a Ki value of 5.13 μM. In-depth molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations revealed that amino acid residue Ser374 plays an important role in the inhibition of 1, which also provides an idea for the development of sEH inhibitors based on protostane-type triterpenoids.
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•Rare diterpenoid dimers with nonacyclic skeleton were obtained from E. fischeriana.•Novel dimers 1 and 2 exhibited inhibitory activities against soluble epoxide hydrolase.•The ...inhibition kinetics and molecular dynamics of 1 and 2 with sEH were studied.
Two undescribed ent-abietane-type diterpenoid dimers with nonacyclic backbone formed by intermolecular 4 + 2 cycloaddition into a spirocyclic skeleton, bisfischoids A (1) and B (2), along with a known one fischdiabietane A (3), were identified from Euphorbia fischeriana Steud. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis, ECD and NMR calculation combined with DP4+ probability analysis, as well as X-ray diffraction. The anti-inflammatory potential of dimers 1–3 were examined using their inhibitory effects on soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), which revealed that 1 and 2 exhibited promising activities with inhibition constant (Ki) of 3.20 and 1.95 μM, respectively. Further studies of molecular docking and molecular dynamics indicated that amino acid residue Tyr343 in the catalytic cavity of sEH was the key site for their inhibitory function.
Forest and plantation intercropping are efficient agroforestry systems that optimize land use and promote agroforestry around the world. However, diverse agroforestry systems on the same ...upper-plantation differently affect the physical and chemical properties of the soil.
The treatments for this study included a single cultivation (CK) pecan control and three agroforestry systems (pecan +
+
, pecan +
, and pecan +
). Soil samples were categorized according to the sampling depth (0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, 40-60 cm).
The results demonstrated that the bulk density (BD) of soil under the pecan agroforestry system (PPH and PPL) was reduced by 16.13% and 7.10%, respectively, and the soil moisture content (MC) and total soil porosity (TPO) increased. Improvements in the physical properties of the soil under the PPS agroforestry system were not obvious when compared with the pecan monoculture. The soil total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), available potassium (AK), and total carbon (TC) increased significantly, while the soil urease (S-UE), alkaline phosphatase (S-AKP), and 1,4-β-N-acetylglucosamines (S-NAG) enzyme activity also increased significantly, following agroforestry. Overall, the pecan agroforestry system significantly improved the physical properties of the pecan plantation soil, enriched the soil nutrients, and increased the activity of soil enzymes related to TC, TN, and TP cycles.
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have fewer and immature mitochondria than somatic cells and mainly rely on glycolysis for energy source. During somatic cell reprogramming, somatic mitochondria ...and other organelles get remodeled. However, events of organelle remodeling and interaction during somatic cell reprogramming have not been extensively explored. We show that both SKP/SKO (Sox2, Klf4, Pou5f1/Oct4) and SKPM/SKOM (SKP/SKO plus Myc/c-Myc) reprogramming lead to decreased mitochondrial mass but with different kinetics and by divergent pathways. Rapid, MYC/c-MYC-induced cell proliferation may function as the main driver of mitochondrial decrease in SKPM/SKOM reprogramming. In SKP/SKO reprogramming, however, mitochondrial mass initially increases and subsequently decreases via mitophagy. This mitophagy is dependent on the mitochondrial outer membrane receptor BNIP3L/NIX but not on mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ
m
) dissipation, and this SKP/SKO-induced mitophagy functions in an important role during the reprogramming process. Furthermore, endosome-related RAB5 is involved in mitophagosome formation in SKP/SKO reprogramming. These results reveal a novel role of mitophagy in reprogramming that entails the interaction between mitochondria, macroautophagy/autophagy and endosomes.
Abstract
Hexadimethrine bromide (Polybrene) was once used clinically as a heparin neutralizer and has recently found use as a promoter in virus-mediated gene therapy trials and gene transfer in ...research. However, the potential for tissue-specific toxicity of polybrene at low doses has been ignored so far. Here, we found that after intracerebroventricular (ICV) polybrene injection, mice showed disability of movement accompanied neural death and gliosis in brain, and in human neurons, polybrene induces concentration-dependent neuritic beading and fragmentation. Mechanistically, polybrene induces a rapid voltage-dependent calcium channel (VDCC)-mediated influx of extracellular Ca
2+
. The elevated cytoplasmic Ca
2+
activates DRP1, which leads to mitochondrial fragmentation and metabolic dysfunction. At the same time, Ca
2+
influx induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) fragmentation and tightened associations between ER and mitochondria, which makes mitochondria prone to Ca
2+
overloading and ensuing permeability transition. These results reveal an unexpected neuronal toxicity of polybrene, wherein Ca
2+
influx serves as a regulator for both mitochondrial dynamics and ER–mitochondrial remodeling.
Amidation of a variety of hydrocarbons with PhINTs catalyzed by ruthenium and manganese meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrins 1 and 2 afforded N-substituted amides in up to 92% yields with good ...to excellent substrate conversions. By employing catalyst 2, exceptionally high turnovers (up to 2600) were achieved, and the amidations can be effected by directly using PhI(OAc)2/NH2R as amidating reagents; in the case of R = COCF3 a direct amination was realized in up to 90% yield.
► It was favorable for industry due to low cost and high polygalacturonase activity. ► Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were co-cultured for PG production. ► Co-culture system could ...endure higher temperature for PG production.
Catabolic repression in the synthesis of inducible enzymes by glucose, fructose, and intermediates of the glycolytic cycle has been observed in many microorganisms. In order to enhance the polygalacturonase (PG) production of Aspergillus niger GJ-2, Saccharomyces cerevisiae J-1 was inoculated to the medium at 12h of culture, which resulted in a significant improvement of PG production. It was also found that maximum PG activity of 512.7U/ml was obtained at 37°C in the mixed culture, which was nearly twofold higher than that of the culture without the inoculation of S. cerevisiae J-1.
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