To identify the bacterial and archaeal composition in a mesophilic biogas digester treating pig manure and to compare the consistency of two 16S rDNA-based methods to investigate the microbial ...structure. Sixty-nine bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTU) and 25 archaeal OTU were identified by sequencing two 16S rDNA clone libraries. Most bacterial OTU were identified as phyla of Firmicutes (47·2% of total clones), Bacteroides (35·4%) and Spirochaetes (13·2%). Methanoculleus bourgensis (29·0%), Methanosarcina barkeri (27·4%) and Methanospirillum hungatei (10·8%) were the dominant methanogens. Only 9% of bacterial and 20% of archaeal OTU matched cultured isolates at a similarity index of greater-than-or-equal97%. About 78% of the dominant bacterial (with abundance >3%) and 83% of archaeal OTU were recovered from the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) bands of V3 regions in 16S rDNAs. In the digester, most bacterial and archaeal species were uncultured; bacteria belonging to Firmicutes, Bacteroides and Spirochaetes seem to take charge of cellulolysis, proteolysis, acidogenesis, sulfur-reducing and homoacetogenesis; the most methanogens were typical hydrogenotrophic or hydrogenotrophic/aceticlastic; DGGE profiles reflected the dominant microbiota. This study gave a first insight of the overall microbial structure in a rural biogas digester and also indicated DGGE was useful in displaying its dominant microbiota.
Background
Hepatic vein tumour thrombus (HVTT) is a major determinant of survival outcomes for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). An Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital (EHBH)‐HVTT ...model was established to predict the prognosis of patients with HCC and HVTT after liver resection, in order to identify optimal candidates for liver resection.
Methods
Patients with HCC and HVTT from 15 hospitals in China were included. The EHBH‐HVTT model with contour plot was developed using a non‐linear model in the training cohort, and subsequently validated in internal and external cohorts.
Results
Of 850 patients who met the inclusion criteria, there were 292 patients who had liver resection and 198 who did not in the training cohort, and 124 and 236 in the internal and external validation cohorts respectively. Contour plots for the EHBH‐HVTT model were established to predict overall survival (OS) rates of patients visually, based on tumour diameter, number of tumours and portal vein tumour thrombus. This differentiated patients into low‐ and high‐risk groups with distinct long‐term prognoses in the liver resection cohort (median OS 34·7 versus 12·0 months; P < 0·001), internal validation cohort (32·8 versus 10·4 months; P = 0·002) and external validation cohort (15·2 versus 6·5 months; P = 0·006). On subgroup analysis, the model showed the same efficacy in differentiating patients with HVTT in peripheral and major hepatic veins, the inferior vena cava, or in patients with coexisting portal vein tumour thrombus.
Conclusion
The EHBH‐HVTT model was accurate in predicting prognosis in patients with HCC and HVTT after liver resection. It identified optimal candidates for liver resection among patients with HCC and HVTT, including tumour thrombus in the inferior vena cava, or coexisting portal vein tumour thrombus.
Antecedentes
La trombosis tumoral de la vena hepática (hepatic vein tumour thrombus, HVTT) es un determinante importante de los resultados de supervivencia en pacientes con carcinoma hepatocelular (hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC). Se desarrolló el modelo llamado Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital (EHBH)‐HVTT para predecir el pronóstico de los pacientes con HCC y HVTT después de la resección hepática (liver resection, LR), con el fin de identificar los candidatos óptimos para LR entre estos pacientes.
Métodos
Se incluyeron pacientes con HCC y HVTT de 15 hospitales en China. El modelo EHBH‐HVTT con gráfico de contorno se desarrolló utilizando un modelo no lineal en la cohorte de entrenamiento, siendo posteriormente validado en cohortes internas y externas.
Resultados
De 850 pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión, hubo 292 pacientes en el grupo LR y 198 pacientes en el grupo no LR en la cohorte de entrenamiento, y 124 y 236 en las cohortes de validación interna y externa. Los gráficos de contorno del modelo EHBH‐HVTT se establecieron para predecir visualmente las tasas de supervivencia global (overall survival, OS) de los pacientes, en función del diámetro del tumor, número de tumores y del trombo tumoral de la vena porta (portal vein tumour thrombus, PVTT). Esto diferenciaba a los pacientes en los grupos de alto y bajo riesgo, con distinto pronóstico a largo plazo en las 3 cohortes (34,7 versus 12,0 meses, 32,8 versus 10,4 meses y 15,2 versus 6,5 meses, P < 0,001). En el análisis de subgrupos, el modelo mostró la misma eficacia en la diferenciación de pacientes con HVTT, con trombo tumoral en la vena cava inferior (inferior vena cava tumour thrombus, IVCTT) o en pacientes con PVTT coexistente.
Conclusión
El modelo EHBH‐HVTT fue preciso para la predicción del pronóstico en pacientes con HCC y HVTT después de la LR. Identificó candidatos óptimos para LR en pacientes con HCC y HVTT, incluyendo IVCTT o PVTT coexistente.
The Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital–hepatic vein tumour thrombus (EHBH‐HVTT) model was accurate in predicting prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and HVTT after liver resection. It identified optimal candidates for liver resection among patients with HCC and HVTT, including inferior vena cava tumour thrombus, or coexisting portal vein tumour thrombus (PVTT).
predicts prognosis
Abstract
This paper presents a simultaneous observation of the inner and outer electron diffusion region (EDR) at the dayside magnetopause by the magnetospheric multiscale (MMS) spacecraft. The EDR ...was observed in magnetic reconnection with a large guide field. The inner EDR was characterized by positive
J
·
E
′
while the outer EDR is manifested by negative
J
·
E
′
and opposite out-of-plane electric field to that in the inner EDR. One pair of the spacecraft detected the inner EDR while the other pair encountered the outer EDR. Moreover, the two pairs were on the opposite side of the X-line as they observed the bidirectional accelerated electron jets. The fortuitous formation of MMS allows us to estimate the maximum length of the inner EDR as ∼36
d
e
and the lower bound of the reconnection rate as 0.142 ± 0.041. These observations have far-reaching implications for understanding the electron physics in reconnection.
To understand the prevalence and disease burden of major chronic diseases in the elderly in China and provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of chronic diseases and for the rational ...allocation of health resources.
We analyzed the prevalence of chronic diseases in residents aged ≥60 years in China by using national and provincial surveillance data of chronic diseases and related risk factors in China. We conducted the analysis on the burden of chronic diseases in the elderly in China by using the data of global burden of disease.
The prevalence rates of hypertension, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia were 58.3
, 19.4
and 10.5
respectively in residents aged ≥60 years in China. Up to 75.8
of the residents aged ≥60 years had at least one chronic disease. The prevalence rate was higher in women than in men, higher in urban area than in rural area. With the increase of age, the prevalence rate of chronic diseases also increased. The top three chronic diseases with heavy disease burden in residents
We study the transport properties of a single photon scattered by a two-level system (TLS) in a T-shaped waveguide, which is made of two coupled-resonator waveguides (CRWs)- an infinite CRW and a ...semi-infinite CRW. The spontaneous emission of the TLS directs single photons from one CRW to the other. Although the transfer rate is different for the wave incident from different CRWs, due to the boundary breaking the translational symmetry, the boundary can enhance the transfer rate found in Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 103604 (2013) and Phys. Rev. A 89, 013805 (2014), as the transfer rate could be unity for the wave incident from the semi-infinite CRW.
Summary
Background
Carbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation has been proposed as an alternative to air insufflation to distend the lumen in gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy.
Aim
To perform a systematic ...review with meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in which CO2 insufflation was compared with room air insufflation in GI endoscopy.
Methods
Electronic and manual searches were combined to search RCTs. After methodological quality assessment and data extraction, the efficacy and safety of CO2 insufflation were systematically assessed.
Results
Twenty‐one RCTs 13 on colonoscopy, four on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), two on double‐balloon enteroscopy (DBE), one on oesophagogastroduodenoscopy, and one on flexible sigmoidoscopy were identified. For colonoscopy, CO2 insufflation resulted lower postprocedural pain intensity, and increased the proportion of patient without pain at 1 h (RR: 1.84, 95% CI: 1.37–2.47) and 6 h (RR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.14–1.44) postprocedure. For ERCP, the pain‐releasing effect of CO2 insufflation was not obvious (SMD: −1.48, 95% CI: −3.56, 0.59). CO2 insufflation revealed no consistent advantages in the RCTs of DBE, but was shown as safe as air insufflation in oesophagus/stomach endoscopic submucosal dissection in one study. pCO2 level showed no significant variation during these procedures.
Conclusions
Compared with air insufflation, CO2 insufflation during colonoscopy causes lower postprocedural pain and bowel distension without significant pCO2 variation. More RCTs are needed to assess its advantages in other GI endoscopic procedures.
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