Debate has persisted as to whether the first element of Beowulf’s name is to be identified as
bēo
(“bee”) or
Bēow
(an agricultural deity cognate with
Byggvir
). The present article reassesses various ...forms of evidence bearing on the relative probability of these two etymologies. It identifies compelling reasons to believe that
bēo
(“bee”) would not have been used as the prototheme of a male dithematic name, while finding that there are no genuine obstacles to credence in the theophoric analysis of Beowulf’s name.
The extent of the
Beowulf
poet’s knowledge of pre-Christian Germanic mythology is a matter of considerable dispute. The present article reconsiders the claims of Ursula Dronke’s 1969 essay “
Beowulf
...and Ragnarǫk” and corroborates her argument that the poet, instead of unwittingly transmitting pre-Christian mythological traditions, knew and deliberately utilized the myth of Ragnarǫk. Parallels between the background narrative of
Beowulf
and the myth preserved in eddic materials are detected; resemblances between Herebeald and Baldr, and between the father in the “Old Man’s Lament” and Frigg, are explored. By identifying an array of hitherto unrecognized connections, this article increases the likelihood that the
Beowulf
poet was well informed about Germanic mythological traditions similar to those preserved in later Old Norse sources.
Throughout the translation of Beowulf, the Irish poet Seamus Heaney employs occasional dialectal diction, which has aroused heated debate on the subject of cultural appropriation. While some argue ...that the dialect misrepresents, and, as part of the project of post-colonialism, mystifies the text, others justify the act by pinpointing the Irish elements in the original text, by placing Beowulf in the ongoing revolution of cultural contexts, or by praising the accuracy and vibrancy of Heaney's diction in relation to his other works. In one recent essay, Daniel Donoghue reflects on this prolonged debate and puts forward the question as to "how much attention words like 'bawn would attract if Heaney himself had not foregrounded them in his introduction" (80). To this day, the dialect issue remains central in the critical literature on Heaney's translation, owing to the great disputes it has already caused rather than to its prominence in the translation. And the fundamental question remains unsettled as to whether the dialect mystifies the text and excludes certain readers.
Neidorf and Zhu examine minor Germanic deities and the etymology of Beowulf's name, highlighting a note published in ANQ by William Sayers, which challenges the theophoric analysis of Beowulf's name. ...Sayers suggests that it is composed of the name of a minor agricultural deity, Bow, and the word "wulf" meaning wolf. Sayers proposes an alternative etymology, suggesting that Beowulf's name derives from an Old Gotlandic name, Baolfr or Badolfr, meaning battlewolf. However, Sayers' argument is undermined by evidence of Old English personal names containing the element "beadu," meaning battle. Furthermore, the prevalence of theophoric names with the prototheme of Ing, a deity associated with fertility and agriculture, provides a precedent for the theophoric analysis of Beowulf's name. The theophoric analysis of Beowulf's name is the most plausible and supported by the available evidence.
To solve the problem of mixed integer nonlinear programming in dynamic reactive power optimization of distribution networks, a two-stage dynamic reactive power optimization model is used to reduce ...the size of the reactive power optimization calculation.The first stage is nonlinear planning, with the objective of minimizing the combined system network loss and node voltage offset. The second stage is a mixed-integer planning, with the objective of minimizing the incremental power system network loss on the basis of satisfying the constraints such as the number of equipment regulation throughout the day. In view of the fact that the conventional penalty function method to deal with the constraints will result in improper selection of penalty factors, an improved quantum state transfer algorithm with mixed filter technique is proposed. The algorithm adopts a two-population parallel search approach, and the individual adaptation degree and constraint violation degree are constituted as filter pairs as evaluation metrics to replace the penalty functions. Finally, the proposed algorithm, the traditional state transfer algorithm and Colony Algorithm are solved separately for the model using the IEEE 14 system as examples, and the correctness of the proposed model and algorithm is verified by comparing and analyzing the simulation results.
Reverse design and additive manufacturing technologies are fast ways to develop customised products. In this study, furniture protective foot covers were taken as the design object. Using flexible ...filaments of polylactic acid (PLA) and the development process of reverse design to additive manufacturing, the protective foot covers were designed and manufactured to fit the shape of the chair feet. Furniture protective foot covers have high practical value. They have a certain buffering effect, avoiding the damage caused by the collision of furniture feet with the ground when moving furniture; secondly, they reduce the noise generated by the collision of furniture feet with the ground, creating a quiet and comfortable home environment. According to the finite element simulation results, the maximum stress value of the European-style chair installed with protective foot covers was decreased by 90.8% in the case of vertical fall, which verifies that the protective foot covers have an obvious buffering effect. Noise test results show that the noise of the European-style chair installed with protective foot covers was decreased by 51.0%, which verifies that the protective foot covers have an obvious quieting effect.
Comprehensive Summary
The first Cu‐catalyzed 1,2,5‐trifunctionalization of abundant terminal alkynes is realized by merging hydrogen atom transfer and traceless directing strategy with SR as a ...transient group, delivering highly functionalized aldehydes in moderate to excellent yields with broad substrate scope. The synthetic utility of this method was demonstrated by the gram‐scale reaction and downstream transformations of the resultant products. Given the high efficient installation of three different functional groups in a single reaction, it can serve as a very attractive method for rapidly assembling complex molecules from readily available starting materials.
A novel copper‐catalyzed 1,2,5‐trifunctionalization of terminal alkynes is realized by using a traceless directing hydrogen atom transfer strategy, providing a direct access to highly functionalized aldehydes that are otherwise diffcult to access from feedstock chemicals.
•This study investigated the spatiotemporal variations in reference evapotranspiration (ET0) in China during 1961–2019.•Seven empirical models were calibrated by mind evolutionary algorithm.•This ...study evaluated the application of different models in calculating ET0 on different spatial and temporal scales in China.
Accurately estimating the reference evapotranspiration (ET0) is a basic requirement for precision irrigation and the correct planning of regional water resources. This study aimed to investigate the spatiotemporal variations in ET0 in China and to improve the accuracy of ET0 calculations on different spatiotemporal scales. Meteorological data collected at 100 stations in China during 1961 to 2019 were used to calculate ET0 with the Penman–Monteith model, and the temporal and spatial patterns in ET0-PM were analyzed with the Mann–Kendall nonparametric trend test method. Three machine learning models comprising convolutional neural network (CNN), extreme learning machine (ELM), and multiple adaptive regression splines (MARS), and seven empirical models calibrated with mind evolutionary algorithm (MEA) were compared to assess their suitability for calculating ET0 on different spatiotemporal scales in China. The results showed that the annual mean ET0-PM value (413.29–2772.35 mm) in China gradually increased from north to south and from west to east. ET0 exhibited an upward trend in the temperate continental zone (TCZ) and mountain plateau zone (MPZ) but a downward trend in the temperate monsoon zone (TMZ) and subtropical monsoon region (SMZ). By comparing the global performance indicators (GPI), the machine learning models generally performed better than the empirical models at different spatiotemporal scales. And CNN was the best model for calculating ET0 in terms of the model accuracy and stability. On the daily scale, MARS performed well in MPZ, whereas ELM performed well in TMZ and TCZ. On the monthly scale, MARS performed well in TMZ, whereas ELM performed well in SMZ and MPZ. At the annual scale, the accuracy of ELM was higher than that of MARS.
A silver-mediated internal alkyne-guided fluorination of unactivated C(sp3)–H bonds is described. The reaction provides a facile access to γ-fluorinated fluoroalkylated (Z)-alkenes from readily ...available alkynes in promising yields with excellent regioselectivity, stereoselectivity, and site selectivity.
