This study examined the impact of “New” and “#1 Prescribed” market claims and quantitative efficacy information on perceptions of a hypothetical prescription drug in a direct‐to‐consumer (DTC) print ...advertisement. We examined two market claims (New and #1 Prescribed), two efficacy levels (higher and lower), and a control condition without this information. Participants with diabetes were randomized to review one ad version and asked their perceptions of the ad's message, the drug's benefits, side effects and risks, doctors' opinions about the drug, and behavioral intention to use the drug, as well as recall and recognition of drug benefits and risks. Results suggest the market claim affects personal perceptions and perceptions of the ad's message about drug benefits and perceptions about doctors' opinions of the drug. Inclusion of quantitative information about product efficacy did not show a large influence on perceptions. These findings can help inform stakeholders and policy makers as they work to ensure DTC prescription drug promotion does not mislead patients.
The combination of log-linear models and correspondence analysis have long been used to decompose contingency tables and aid in their interpretation. Until now, this approach has not been applied to ...the education Statewide Longitudinal Data System (SLDS), which contains administrative school data at the student level. While some research has been conducted using the SLDS, its primary use is for state education administrative reporting. This article uses the combination of log-linear models and correspondence analysis to gain insight into high school dropouts in two discrete regions in Kentucky, Appalachia and non-Appalachia, defined by the American Community Survey. The individual student records from the SLDS were categorized into one of the two regions and a log-linear model was used to identify the interactions between the demographic characteristics and the dropout categories, push-out and pull-out. Correspondence analysis was then used to visualize the interactions with the expanded push-out categories, boredom, course selection, expulsion, failing grade, teacher conflict, and pull-out categories, employment, family problems, illness, marriage, and pregnancy to provide insights into the regional differences. In this article, we demonstrate that correspondence analysis can extend the insights gained from SDLS data and provide new perspectives on dropouts. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
•Maternal attachment anxiety is linked to peer and romantic attachment anxiety.•Maternal attachment relates to self-compassion through peer and romantic attachment.•Peer and romantic attachment ...relates to body appreciation through self-compassion.
Body appreciation has been found to be linked to interpersonal and intrapersonal factors, with attachment styles and self-compassion separately identified as important correlates. The present study examined these variables together in a model, and we hypothesized that maternal attachment anxiety was related to peer and romantic attachment anxiety, which, in turn, was associated with self-compassion and body appreciation. Using structural equation modeling, this cross-sectional study with a sample of 1306 incoming first year college women found that the proposed model explained 40% of the variance in body appreciation. Results further revealed that peer and romantic attachment anxiety mediated the relationships between maternal attachment anxiety and self-compassion, and that self-compassion mediated the associations between peer and romantic attachment anxiety and body appreciation. Self-compassion appears to hold a central role in explaining the relation between attachment anxiety and body appreciation.
Given the wide-spread use of social media, text analysis has emerged as a promising way to gather information about individuals. However, it is still unclear which method of text analysis is best for ...determining different types of information. This study compared the utility of automated text analysis (LIWC) with human raters in predicting self-reported psychological and physical health. Expressive writing essays from chronic pain patients were used from a previous online intervention study. Results indicate that human ratings added predictive power above and beyond the LIWC on measures of depression. However, the LIWC was almost as proficient as human raters when predicting pain catastrophizing and illness intrusiveness. Neither the LIWC nor human ratings were good predictors of pain severity and life satisfaction. Overall the utility of automated text analysis over human raters depends on the individual characteristic being measured.
•Compares two methods of text analysis in predicting self-reported health.•Human ratings of text were better at predicting depression.•Automated text analysis was sufficient for predicting pain catastrophizing.•Automated text analysis was sufficient for predicting illness intrusiveness.•Neither method was sufficient for predicting life satisfaction or pain severity.
Research on the human papillomavirus vaccine has largely focused on parents’ attitudes toward vaccinating their young daughters. Yet, little is known about the factors that influence human ...papillomavirus vaccination in college-age women who are still eligible for the vaccine. This study examined attitudes toward the human papillomavirus vaccine in 150 college-age women who had received the vaccine and 58 who had not. The Health Belief Model was used to predict vaccine intentions and to compare vaccinated and unvaccinated women. Women’s self-efficacy, social environment, and perceptions of the vaccine predicted vaccine intentions and behaviors. Interventions might include these factors to promote vaccination.
The growing socioeconomic diversity of higher education institutions calls for research that addresses the unique mental health needs of first-generation and continuing-generation college students. ...This study examined associations from environmental supports, personal stigma, self-stigma, and attitudes, to intentions to seek counseling in first- and continuing-generation college students (N = 610). Results of structural equation modeling largely supported hypothesized relationships between variables. Furthermore, the relationship between personal stigma and self-stigma was stronger for continuing-generation students while the relationship between self-stigma and attitudes was stronger for first-generation students. The indirect effect from self-stigma to intentions through attitudes was also stronger for first-generation college students, while the indirect effect from personal stigma to attitudes through self-stigma was stronger for continuing-generation students. Results are discussed in terms of enhancing first-generation college students' attitudes toward, and intentions to seek counseling.
Public Significance Statement
This study suggests that views of oneself for seeking counseling may play a stronger role in help-seeking for first-generation college students. Additionally, how one believes others would view them for seeking counseling may play a stronger role in help-seeking for continuing-generation college students. These findings indicate first-generation and continuing-generation college students may benefit from tailored approaches to increase their use of counseling services.
Consumers’ decision making about prescription drugs may be influenced by more than thoughts about drug efficacy and the potential for side effects. Choices may be based on tradeoffs among multiple ...factors, for example, medical condition, risk severity, risk likelihood, product efficacy, and resources. Some information used in tradeoff choices might be derived from marketing efforts by drug manufacturers. How market claims, such as “#1 Prescribed” may affect this tradeoff is an area that has yet to be explored fully.
Using conjoint analysis techniques, this research examined the tradeoff of market claim and efficacy information in direct-to-consumer (DTC) print advertising for prescription drugs.
Two hundred fifteen adult participants with a self-reported diagnosis of diabetes were recruited through an online consumer panel. Participants were presented a series of choices. Each choice pair represented a prescription diabetic nerve pain drug with a different efficacy level and one of the two had a market claim of “#1 Prescribed”. Participants indicated which drug they would prefer if they had to choose one. Results showed an advantage of #1 Prescribed. A drug without this claim needed at least 1.23% greater efficacy to be chosen over a drug with this claim.
Study findings align with previous research which found that extrinsic cues can influence consumer product choice, which has implications for optimal medication use.
College women are at risk for body dissatisfaction, but enhancing the positive aspects of body image can serve as a protective factor. Self-compassion has been associated with body appreciation and ...may protect against negative body image. This study tested the effect of a self-compassion writing intervention on positive body image and affect and explored self-compassion as a mediator between writing group and positive body image. We used a randomized controlled design to compare self-compassion writing (
n
= 51), traditional expressive writing (
n
= 50), and control writing (
n
= 51) interventions in college women. Participants were mostly European-American (82%) with a mean age of 19. Participants wrote online for 20 min once a week for three consecutive weeks. Results indicated that negative and positive affect decreased for all three groups. There were no differences between groups on positive body image or affect; however, the self-compassion writing group reported greater increases in self-compassion (
F
= 3.48,
p
< 0.05, η
p
2
= 0.05). Moreover, mediator models revealed that the effect of group (self-compassion vs. traditional/control writing) on body appreciation and body image quality of life was mediated by self-compassion. Overall, the findings indicate that self-compassion writing increased self-compassion, and greater increases in self-compassion were associated with greater increases in positive body image and positive affect.
Within the framework of relational-cultural theory, the current study examined how relational health and ethnic identity contribute to overall well-being in a sample of college students of color. A ...total of 229 students completed measures of relational health, ethnic identity, indicators of subjective well-being (SWB), and perceptions of physical health. Canonical correlation analyses revealed two patterns of relationships between the variable sets: (a) students who reported lower scores in ethnic identity and in peer, mentor, and community relationships, also demonstrated lower SWB and fewer days in good health, and (b) students who reported high relational health in peer and mentor domains, but lower scores for ethnic identity, had higher reports of both positive and negative affect, as well as both good and poor health. These preliminary findings reflect the complexity of how ethnic identity and relational health differentially predict the well-being of college students of color. The implications of these findings for counseling psychologists are discussed.
Twelve students from APA-accredited counseling psychology doctoral programs were interviewed about their experiences with peers in their program, and about their values and beliefs about peer ...relationships in graduate school. Interview data were analyzed using consensual qualitative research. Participants reported a wide range of positive (e.g. collaborative and supportive) and negative (e.g. competitive and hostile) interactions with peers inside and outside of the classroom, in research, and in clinical work. Compared to advisory and supervisory relationships, peer relationships were typically less formal and more open. The sharing of common training experiences generally facilitated mutual understanding among trainees. In addition, a visual analog scale, the peer relationship scale (PRS), was used to measure participants' closeness with peers. Results from the PRS appeared to be useful in distinguishing participants with the most positive and negative peer relationships, warranting further investigation of its psychometric properties and application in program evaluation and research on training. Implications for training are discussed.
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