Cancer statistics for the year 2020: An overview Ferlay, Jacques; Colombet, Murielle; Soerjomataram, Isabelle ...
International journal of cancer,
15 August 2021, Letnik:
149, Številka:
4
Journal Article
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Our study briefly reviews the data sources and methods used in compiling the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) GLOBOCAN cancer statistics for the year 2020 and summarises the main ...results. National estimates were calculated based on the best available data on cancer incidence from population‐based cancer registries (PBCR) and mortality from the World Health Organization mortality database. Cancer incidence and mortality rates for 2020 by sex and age groups were estimated for 38 cancer sites and 185 countries or territories worldwide. There were an estimated 19.3 million (95% uncertainty interval UI: 19.0‐19.6 million) new cases of cancer (18.1 million excluding non‐melanoma skin cancer) and almost 10.0 million (95% UI: 9.7‐10.2 million) deaths from cancer (9.9 million excluding non‐melanoma skin cancer) worldwide in 2020. The most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide were female breast cancer (2.26 million cases), lung (2.21) and prostate cancers (1.41); the most common causes of cancer death were lung (1.79 million deaths), liver (830000) and stomach cancers (769000).
What's new?
As part of the latest International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) GLOBOCAN cancer statistics update, here the authors provide a comprehensive description of the data sources and methods used to compute the global incidence and mortality estimates for 38 cancers corresponding to the year 2020. The reported uncertainty intervals incorporate the major sources of error that may contribute to the uncertainty of these estimations. In addition to providing a global snapshot of the cancer burden in 2020, the estimates presented here can support the planning and prioritization of cancer control efforts at the global and national levels.
Abstract Context Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) incidence rates are higher in developed countries, where up to half of the cases are discovered incidentally. Declining mortality trends have been reported ...in highly developed countries since the 1990s. Objective To compare and interpret geographic variations and trends in the incidence and mortality of RCC worldwide in the context of controlling the future disease burden. Evidence acquisition We used data from GLOBOCAN, the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents series, and the World Health Organisation mortality database to compare incidence and mortality rates in more than 40 countries worldwide. We analysed incidence and mortality trends in the last 10 yr using joinpoint analyses of the age-standardised rates (ASRs). Evidence synthesis RCC incidence in men varied in ASRs (World standard population) from approximately 1/100 000 in African countries to >15/100 000 in several Northern and Eastern European countries and among US blacks. Similar patterns were observed for women, although incidence rates were commonly half of those for men. Incidence rates are increasing in most countries, most prominently in Latin America. Although recent mortality trends are stable in many countries, significant declines were observed in Western and Northern Europe, the USA, and Australia. Southern European men appear to have the least favourable RCC mortality trends. Conclusions Although RCC incidence is still increasing in most countries, stabilisation of mortality trends has been achieved in many highly developed countries. There are marked absolute differences and opposing RCC mortality trends in countries categorised as areas of higher versus lower human development, and these gaps appear to be widening. Patient summary Renal cell cancer is becoming more commonly diagnosed worldwide in both men and women. Mortality is decreasing in the most developed settings, but not in low- and middle-income countries, where access to and the availability of optimal therapies are likely to be limited.
A severe decline in child births has occurred over the past half century, which will lead to considerable population declines, particularly in industrialized regions. A crucial question is whether ...this decline can be explained by economic and behavioural factors alone, as suggested by demographic reports, or to what degree biological factors are also involved. Here, we discuss data suggesting that human reproductive health is deteriorating in industrialized regions. Widespread infertility and the need for assisted reproduction due to poor semen quality and/or oocyte failure are now major health issues. Other indicators of declining reproductive health include a worldwide increasing incidence in testicular cancer among young men and alterations in twinning frequency. There is also evidence of a parallel decline in rates of legal abortions, revealing a deterioration in total conception rates. Subtle alterations in fertility rates were already visible around 1900, and most industrialized regions now have rates below levels required to sustain their populations. We hypothesize that these reproductive health problems are partially linked to increasing human exposures to chemicals originating directly or indirectly from fossil fuels. If the current infertility epidemic is indeed linked to such exposures, decisive regulatory action underpinned by unconventional, interdisciplinary research collaborations will be needed to reverse the trends.
Primary liver cancer, the major histology of which is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. We comprehensively examined recent international trends of ...primary liver cancer and HCC incidence using population‐based cancer registry data. Incidence for all primary liver cancer and for HCC by calendar time and birth cohort was examined for selected countries between 1978 and 2012. For each successive 5‐year period, age‐standardized incidence rates were calculated from Volumes V to XI of the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents (CI5) series using the online electronic databases, CI5plus. Large variations persist in liver cancer incidence globally. Rates of liver cancer remain highest in Asian countries, specifically in the East and South‐East, and Italy. However, rates in these high‐risk countries have been decreasing in recent years. Rates in India and in most countries of Europe, the Americas and Oceania are rising. As the population seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) continues to decline, we anticipate rates of HCC in many high‐risk countries will continue to decrease. Treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is likely to bring down rates further in some high‐rate, as well as low‐rate, countries with access to effective therapies. However, such gains in the control of liver cancer are at risk of being reversed by the growing obesity and diabetes epidemics, suggesting diabetes treatment and primary prevention of obesity will be key in reducing liver cancer in the longer‐term.
What's new?
A new analysis of worldwide trends reveals that, between 1978 and 2012, liver cancer rates fell in east Asia and Italy, but rose in India, Europe, and the Americas. In this report, the authors analyzed 35 years of liver cancer incidence, the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Using data from the CI5plus database, they calculated incidence rates for 5 year intervals. Although liver cancer rates remained high in east Asia and Italy, they decreased, and are expected to continue to decline as HBV prevalence declines. However, liver cancer rates rose elsewhere, possibly due to increased obesity and diabetes.
Abstract Context Testicular cancer (TC) is the most common cancer in men aged 15–44 yr in many countries that score high or very high on the Human Development Index (HDI). Despite the very good ...prognosis for TC, wide variations in mortality rates have been reported internationally. Objective To describe and contrast global variations and recent trends in TC incidence and mortality rates. Evidence acquisition To compare TC incidence and mortality rates, we used GLOBOCAN 2008 estimates. We used the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents series to analyse recent trends in TC incidence in 41 countries by way of joinpoint analysis. To examine recent trends in mortality, we used the World Health Organisation mortality database. Evidence synthesis Northern Europe remains the highest TC incidence area, with the highest rates observed in Norway and Denmark. Incidence rates continue to increase in most countries worldwide, more markedly in Southern Europe and Latin America, while attenuating in Northern Europe, the United States, and Australia. Mortality from TC shows a different pattern, with higher rates in some countries of medium to high HDI. The highest mortality rates were seen in Chile and Latvia, as well as in selected Central European and Eastern European countries. In high-income countries, TC mortality rates are declining or stable at very low levels of magnitude, while no significant decreases were observed in middle-income regions in Latin America and Asia. Conclusions The rises in TC incidence appear to be recently attenuating in countries with the highest HDIs, with corresponding mortality rates either continuing to decline or stabilising at very low levels. In a number of countries transiting towards higher levels of development, the TC incidence is increasing while mortality rates are stable or increasing. Patient summary In this study we looked at international testicular cancer trends. We found that testicular cancer is becoming more common in low- and middle-income countries, where the optimal treatment might not yet be available.
Background
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (ICCs) and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (ECCs) are highly lethal bile duct tumors. Their incidence can be difficult to estimate because of changes in ...cancer coding over time. No studies to date have examined their global incidence and trends with high‐quality topography‐ and histology‐specific cancer registry data. Therefore, this study examined ICC and ECC incidence with the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Plus database.
Methods
Regional and national cancer registry data were used to estimate age‐standardized incidence rates (ASRs) per 100,000 person‐years, 95% confidence intervals, and average annual percent changes (AAPCs) for ICC in 38 countries and for ECC in 33 countries from 1993 to 2012. ICC and ECC trends were tabulated and plotted by country. Rates versus birth cohort by age were plotted, and an age‐period‐cohort analysis was performed to assess age and cohort incidence rate ratios.
Results
The highest rates of ICC and ECC were in Asia, specifically South Korea (ASR for ICC, 2.80; ASR for ECC, 2.24), Thailand (ASR for ICC, 2.19; ASR for ECC, 0.71), and Japan (ASR for ICC, 0.95; ASR for ECC, 0.83). Between 1993 and 2012, incidence rates of both ICC and ECC increased in most countries. The largest ASR increases over the study period occurred in Latvia (AAPC, 20.1%) and China (AAPC, 11.1%) for ICC and in Thailand (AAPC, 8.8%) and Colombia (AAPC, 8.5%) for ECC.
Conclusions
In the 20 years examined, ICC and ECC incidence increased in the majority of countries worldwide. ICC and ECC incidence may continue to increase because of metabolic and infectious etiologic factors. Efforts to further elucidate risk factors contributing to these increases in incidence are warranted.
In the 20 years examined, the incidence of intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is shown to have increased in the majority of countries worldwide, including those in traditionally low‐risk regions. The incidence of intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma may continue to increase because of metabolic and infectious etiologic factors.
Purpose
Despite an increasing understanding of the pathology and genetics of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), global reports on variations in the incidence of NHL remain limited in their number and scope.
...Methods
To provide a situation analysis, national incidence estimates for NHL in 185 countries for the year 2018 were obtained from the GLOBOCAN database. We also used recorded incidence data from
Cancer Incidence in Five Continents
(CI5) plus for years of diagnosis 1980–2012 to examine temporal trends.
Results
NHL ranked as the 5th to 9th most common cancer in most countries worldwide, with almost 510,000 new cases estimated in 2018. Observed incidence rates of NHL 2008–2012 varied markedly by world region: among males, rates were highest among Israel Jews age-standardized (world) rate of 17.6 per 100,000), Australia (15.3), US whites (14.5), Canada (13.7), and Portugal (13.3). Where data were available, most populations exhibited stable or slightly increasing incidence rates; in North America, parts of Europe, and Oceania the rising incidence rates were generally observed until the 1990s, with a stabilization seen thereafter.
Conclusion
Marked variations in NHL incidence rates remain in populations in each world region. Special attention should be given to further etiological research on the role of endemic infections and environmental exposures, particularly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. To permit internationally comparable statistics, an equal focus on addressing the quality of hematological information in population-based registries is also warranted.
Incidence rates of testicular cancer (TC) have been increasing in many countries since, at least, the mid-20th century without clear explanation. Examining the varying trends across countries and ...time provides clues to understanding the causes of TC.
We have presented incidence data from 41 countries and evaluated incidence trends for the 35-yr period from 1978 to 2012.
Cancer registry data from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents (CI5) volumes V–XI, CI5plus, and the NORDCAN database were analysed.
Age-standardised rates of TC overall and by histological type were calculated. A joinpoint regression model of the natural log-transformed rates was used to calculate the average annual percent change (AAPC) in incidence. Age-period-cohort modelling was used to examine the effect of birth cohort on rates.
While the highest incidence of TC remains in Northern Europe, the gap is closing between higher- and lower-incidence regions. Age-period-cohort modelling found flattening of risk among recent cohorts in Denmark and the UK, a steady increase in risk in the USA (particularly for seminomas), and an increase in risk among more recent cohorts in Costa Rica, Croatia, and Slovakia.
The gap between low- and high-incidence countries is closing due to increases in the former and stabilisation in the latter. Understanding the causes of these and other differences in incidence rates between, and within, countries may help further our understanding of the aetiology of this cancer.
We examined the rates of testicular cancer in different countries over time. These rates have been increasing, although the rates in high-incidence countries seem to be slowing down, while rates in low-incidence countries are catching up. These trends might help us understand what is causing testicular cancer in general.
Rates of testicular cancer are stabilising in high-incidence countries, but rapidly increasing in low-incidence countries. Understanding why this gap is closing, and why differences in rates exist between and within countries, could further our understanding of what causes this cancer.
Abstract
The growing burden of cancer among several major noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) requires national implementation of tailored public health surveillance. For many emerging economies where ...emphasis has traditionally been placed on the surveillance of communicable diseases, it is critical to understand the specificities of NCD surveillance and, within it, of cancer surveillance. We propose a general framework for cancer surveillance that permits monitoring the core components of cancer control. We examine communalities in approaches to the surveillance of other major NCDs as well as communicable diseases, illustrating key differences in the function, coverage, and reporting in each system. Although risk factor surveys and vital statistics registration are the foundation of surveillance of NCDs, population-based cancer registries play a unique fundamental role specific to cancer surveillance, providing indicators of population-based incidence and survival. With an onus now placed on governments to collect these data as part of the monitoring of NCD targets, the integration of cancer registries into existing and future NCD surveillance strategies is a vital requirement in all countries worldwide. The Global Initiative for Cancer Registry Development, endorsed by the World Health Organization, provides a means to enhance cancer surveillance capacity in low- and middle-income countries.
Alcohol is a well-established risk factor for head and neck cancer (HNC). This study aims to explore the effect of alcohol intensity and duration, as joint continuous exposures, on HNC risk.
Data ...from 26 case-control studies in the INHANCE Consortium were used, including never and current drinkers who drunk ≤10 drinks/day for ≤54 years (24234 controls, 4085 oral cavity, 3359 oropharyngeal, 983 hypopharyngeal and 3340 laryngeal cancers). The dose-response relationship between the risk and the joint exposure to drinking intensity and duration was investigated through bivariate regression spline models, adjusting for potential confounders, including tobacco smoking.
For all subsites, cancer risk steeply increased with increasing drinks/day, with no appreciable threshold effect at lower intensities. For each intensity level, the risk of oral cavity, hypopharyngeal and laryngeal cancers did not vary according to years of drinking, suggesting no effect of duration. For oropharyngeal cancer, the risk increased with durations up to 28 years, flattening thereafter. The risk peaked at the higher levels of intensity and duration for all subsites (odds ratio = 7.95 for oral cavity, 12.86 for oropharynx, 24.96 for hypopharynx and 6.60 for larynx).
Present results further encourage the reduction of alcohol intensity to mitigate HNC risk.
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