Enrofloxacin is an important drug that is widely used in the treatment of the diseased Eriocheir sinensis. This study compared transcriptome differences in the hepatopancreas of E. sinensis following ...oral gavage with enrofloxacin. Our study produced 80 228 728 and 88 888 706 raw reads from control and treatment groups, and after filtering and quality checks of the raw sequence reads, our analysis yielded 78 843 613 and 87 628 922 clean reads with a mean length of 126 bp from control and treatment groups, respectively. A total of 15 797 transcripts were assembled, with 11 975 transcripts annotated. Moreover, 2795 transcripts were judged to be differentially expressed genes. Gene ontology terms “biological process” and “metabolic process” were the most enriched in the oxidation–reduction process, translational initiation, membrane, cytoplasmic part, and hydrolase activity. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis showed that metabolic and signal transduction pathways were significantly enriched. Furthermore, we found that gshB and the CYP450 enzyme system plays a role in the metabolism of enrofloxacin in the hepatopancreas of E. sinensis. This study identified differential transcripts related to transmembrane transport and drug metabolism in E. sinensis that could help develop understanding of the molecular basis of enrofloxacin metabolism in this economically important aquaculture species.
This study clarifies the patterns of the superior laryngeal nerve loop (SLN loop), connecting the cervical sympathetic chain (CSC) and the SLN and its branches, so as to provide an anatomic basis for ...decreasing the risk of injury to the external laryngeal nerve (ELN) during neck surgery. Fifty Chinese adult human cadavers fixed with 4 % formalin were dissected, and their SLN loop patterns were analyzed and summarized. In 98 of 100 sides the CSC anastomosed with the SLN and its branches, forming a looped nerve structure which we called the SLN loop. The SLN loops could be divided into five types:
e
n
,
t
n
,
i
n
,
t
n
e
n
, and
i
n
e
n
based on morphological variations. The results demonstrated that
e
n
was most frequently found in the samples (82/100) followed by
t
n
(9/100),
i
n
(3/100),
t
n
e
n
(2/100), and
i
n
e
n
(2/100). Comparing with the previous work, we identified additional 18 subtypes of the SLN loop. The relations of the SLN loop to the surrounding structures were complicated, which brought more challenges to thyroidectomy. Thus, we do not advocate routine identification of ELN/ELN loop during the process of thyroidectomy, especially systematic identification of ELN during operation. However, this study introduces the possibility that nerve injury can be avoided by exposure of the nerve via careful dissection in the region of the superior pole of the thyroid gland to the extent that we can initiate individual ligation of the superior polar vessels, along with the help of neuromonitors, video monitors, and magnifying loupes.
To investigate the specific effect and underlying mechanism of microRNA-26a-5p (miR-26a) in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC).
miR-26a and MMP14/16 mRNA expression were detected by qRT-PCR ...analysis. Functional experiments were used to detect the role of miR-26a on CSCC progression. Western blot was used for protein detection. Luciferase assay was used to detect miR-26a directly targeting MMP14 and MMP16. Xenograft nude mice model was used to determine the effect of miR-26a on tumorigenesis.
miR-26a was decreased in CSCC tissues and cells. Forced miR-26a suppressed the progression of SCL-1 and A431 cells. Furthermore, miR-26a directly targeted MMP14 and MMP16 to inhibit their expression. Forced expression of MMP14 and MMP16 removed the miR-26a's inhibitory effect on CSCC development. The in vivo tumor growth assay showed that miR-26a suppressed CSCC tumorigenesis by targeting MMP14 and MMP16.
Our study suggested miR-26a inhibits cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion in CSCC by targeting MMP14 and MMP16.
To describe stochastic properties of waves near atolls we arranged in-situ measurements near an atoll in the South China Sea. Analysis of the measured data shows that there exist four basic forms of ...wave spectra in the area. They are unimodal characterized by single peak with occurrence probability around 50%, bimodal characterized by two peaks with occurrence probability around 10%, platykurtic characterized by a wide flat peak with occurrence probability around 20% and uniform describing white-noise-like small waves. Atoll waves are characterized by the presence of breaking waves producing high-frequency waves, swells concentrated at low-frequency and storm waves creating complicated spectral form. This makes widely-used wave spectra like Pierson-Moskowitz and JONSWAP spectra cannot capture well the energy distribution properties around peak frequency, high- and low-frequency ends. To be able to better describe the complex forms we introduce Rational Function Wave Spectrum (RFWS) form in this paper. Based on 236 groups of data, 20 among which are presented here, we demonstrate the applicability of RFWS to describe atoll waves.
This paper presents an algorithm for speckle reduction and contrast enhancement of echocardiographic images. Within a framework of multiscale wavelet analysis, the authors apply wavelet shrinkage ...techniques to eliminate noise while preserving the sharpness of salient features. In addition, nonlinear processing of feature energy is carried out to enhance contrast within local structures and along object boundaries. The authors show that the algorithm is capable of not only reducing speckle, but also enhancing features of diagnostic importance, such as myocardial walls in two-dimensional echocardiograms obtained from the parasternal short-axis view. Shrinkage of wavelet coefficients via soft thresholding within finer levels of scale is carried out on coefficients of logarithmically transformed echocardiograms. Enhancement of echocardiographic features is accomplished via nonlinear stretching followed by hard thresholding of wavelet coefficients within selected (midrange) spatial-frequency levels of analysis. The authors formulate the denoising and enhancement problem, introduce a class of dyadic wavelets, and describe their implementation of a dyadic wavelet transform. Their approach for speckle reduction and contrast enhancement was shown to be less affected by pseudo-Gibbs phenomena. The authors show experimentally that this technique produced superior results both qualitatively and quantitatively when compared to results obtained from existing denoising methods alone. A study using a database of clinical echocardiographic images suggests that such denoising and enhancement may improve the overall consistency of expert observers to manually defined borders.
The modulations of the outer ring current O+ ion fluxes by ULF Pc5 waves are investigated by multisatellite observations during storm times. The O+ ions have energies up to tens of keV. We ...concentrate on the process in terms of drift‐bounce resonance of O+ ions with ULF standing waves to understand whether the ring current O+ ions could be accelerated/decelerated by ULF waves. Two case studies are performed, in which the Cluster satellites travel the outer ring current region in the morning sector with radial distances of about 5.5 RE. Distinct O+ ion flux oscillations are observed associated with fundamental mode ULF standing waves. On 25 October 2002, both satellites SC1 and SC4 observe strong poloidal and toroidal standing waves at approximately the same region one by one with a time lag of 45 min. The O+ ion flux oscillations at around 20 keV are dominantly coherent with the poloidal standing wave at 3.4 mHz with cross phases of near 90° with respect to the magnetic field waves. The O+ phase space density spectra at 10 to 25 keV, measured by both satellites, deviate significantly from the typical power law distribution. We suggest that the O+ ions at 10 to 25 keV are accelerated due to drift‐bounce resonance with the poloidal standing wave. On 4 November 2002, satellite SC1 observes considerable poloidal and toroidal standing waves. The O+ ion flux oscillation at around 7 keV is well correlated with both of the two wave modes at 3.7 mHz with cross phases of about 90° with respect to the magnetic field waves. The O+ spectra at 4 to 8 keV deviates remarkably from the background power law distribution. When satellite SC4 closely encounters the same region 40 min later, the wave activities at 3.7 mHz are found to be rather weak and the O+ spectra is close to the background power law distribution. We suggest that the spectra variation of SC1 results from the deceleration of O+ ion at 4 to 8 keV via drift‐bounce resonances during the strong wave activities. The observations made in this study reveal the effective role of ULF standing waves in accelerating/decelerating the ring current O+ ions.
Novel transition metal nitrides of Co3N and Fe3N thin films have been successfully fabricated by combining reactive pulsed laser deposition and DC discharge in a nitrogen ambient. The electrochemical ...reactions of lithium with Co3N and Fe3N thin film electrodes were first investigated by the galvanostatic discharge and charge, cyclic voltammetry, and the in-situ spectroelectrochemical measurements. These thin film electrodes exhibited reversible discharge capacities ranging from 324 mAh/g to 420mAh/g. The structure, morphology, and composition of the as-deposited, lithiated, and delithiated Co3N and Fe3N thin films have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The observed diffraction peaks from metal Co(111) and Fe(110) in the lithiated thin films showed well crystallinity of transition metallic Co and Fe formed by Li reacted with Co3N and Fe3N, respectively, which could further be confirmed by their XPS spectra. We proposed a new reaction mechanism, in which part of the transition metallic Co and Fe formed during the first discharging is nitrided and another part as an active spectator may play a major role in driving the decomposition and formation of Li3N during the subsequent electrochemical reaction.
Seventy chicken and seventy-six pig feeds were collected from the feed stores in Guangdong province, and the species and concentrations of As, Cu and Zn were determined. We also examined the ...stability of roxarsone (ROX), one of the most widely used organoarsenical additives, either in the additive or in the feed at room temperature. The results showed that, averagely, the chicken and pig feeds contained 3.6 and 6.5 mg.kg-1 (As), 18.2 and 119.4 mg.kg-1 (Cu),and 124.6 and 486.2 mg.kg-1 (Zn), respectively. The excessive dosages of As, Cu and As in animal feeds will lead to higher residue of As, Cu and Zn in animal manures. Based on the national limit criteria for feed or feed additive, it was supposed that organoarsenicals had been used, only few feed samples exceeded the As limit, however, the excessive Cu and Zn in pig feeds were much more common. Organoarsenicals were found in 25.4% of the total feed samples, and As(Ill) and As(V) were the two most commonly detected As impurities in feeds bearing organoarseni
Overgrazing is one of the most primary causes of desertification in semi-arid zones of China. From 1992 to 1994 we conducted a grazing experiment in Naiman (lat. 42°58′N, long. 120°43′E, 345
m asl), ...Inner Mongolia, China to elucidate desertification mechanisms. Our experimental field, which was covered with some short grasses, legumes and forbs, included four plots where grazing sheep numbers differed (0, 3, 6, or 9 individuals). Micrometeorological measurement data were analyzed using the Bowen ratio energy balance method. Ground surface reflectivity (albedo) increased with grazing intensity. The overgrazed plot had been desertified after 3 year’s grazing experiment. Albedo can be regarded as an important indicator of potential grassland desertification. When desertification occurs, then albedo will exceed a critical value. Partitioning of net radiation exhibited distinct patterns among the four plots as a result of the interplay between albedo and in situ vegetation. Ratios of the net radiation or net available radiation to solar radiation tended to decrease with increasing grazing intensity. But this pattern of changes was largely affected by soil moisture regime and vegetation status during the measurements. Grazing also remarkably affected wind regimes over the grazing experimental plots through altering surface roughness. Especially, sustained overgrazing decreased surface roughness length so substantially that wind could act directly on sandy grassland surface to initiate desertification. A permissible grazing capacity of the studied temperate semi-arid grassland was also proposed for future grassland management.
PDF
