Assimilated carbon during vegetative and early reproductive growth in wheat is temporarily stored in stem internodes and leaf sheaths (LSs), and can later be remobilized and transported to developing ...grain. The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of several peduncle (the uppermost internode) morpho-anatomical and biochemical traits on grain weight, and to assess the contribution of the peduncle water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) reserves shortly after anthesis to its variation. In 2-year field trials, 61 wheat genotypes were used (27 F4:5 families, 17 parents used for the crosses and the 17 current best standards), comparing intact control plants (CP) with plants that were defoliated (DP) by cutting off all leaf blades 10 days after anthesis. Estimated contributions of peduncle (culm (C) and flag LS) assimilate reserves to grain weight/spike were from 0·06 to 0·31 and from 0·11 to 0·45 in CP and DP plants, respectively. In both CP and DP plants, a higher contribution was from the LS than from the C. High peduncle reserve mobilization efficiency, a longer exposed part of the peduncle and larger C storage capacity (through higher parenchyma and/or lower lignified area) were of specific benefit for maintaining grain weight in defoliated plants. F4:5 families had higher transport capacity in the peduncle, but without any improvement in WSC-related traits compared with the best standards.
Unpredictable environmental conditions lead to occurrence of large genotype by environment (G × E) interaction. It reduces the correlation between genotypic and phenotypic values and complicates ...selection of superior genotypes. The objective of this study was to estimate genotype by year (G × Y) interaction using AMMI model, to identify spring barley genotypes with stable and high yield performance and to observe association of different meteorological variables with tested growing seasons. The trials with 15 spring barley genotypes were conducted during seven years (1999–2005) at the location of Rimski Šančevi. The results showed that the influence of year (Y), genotype (G) and G × Y interaction on barley grain yield were significant (p < 0.01). Meteorological variables varied significantly from year to year and Y explained the highest percent of treatment variation (81%). The first three IPCA were significant and explained 83% of interaction variation. According to this study, it could be concluded that AMMI analysis provided an enhanced understanding of G × Y interaction in barley multi-years trials. Among the tested genotypes, LAV and NS 477 could be separated as highest yielding genotypes, however LAV could be recommended for further breeding program and large-scale production due to its stable and high yielding performance. It also provided better insight in specific association between spring barley grain yield and meteorological variables.
Assessment of the value for cultivation and use (VCU) of a new cultivar, essential for its official registration, is done through a series of trials carried out over a 2–3-year period and across many ...locations. In a set of multi-environment VCU trials, evaluation of new genotypes can be a laborious task due to the presence of genotype by environment interactions, which can hide their true genetic value. In an attempt to reveal the true genetic value of new cultivars, a good starting point is investigation of the importance of various genetic and environmental sources of variation, which can be done by estimating relative magnitude of corresponding variance components within the mixed model framework. Genotype × location × year (G × L × Y) data set for seven crops taken from the 10-year period 2001–10 was used in the present study to estimate the variance components for main effects and their interactions in Croatian VCU trials. Depending on the crop, the most important and least important components were Y or LY, and L or GL, respectively. Genotypic effect was relatively small, ranging from 2·1 to 13·4% of the total variation. The current results are comparable with the relative sizes of the variance components obtained in studies from four- to sixfold larger countries, indicating that the environments within Croatia, if sufficiently widely sampled, can provide as extreme cultivar responses as a geographically more dispersed set of VCU trials. The gap range in different crops is much wider (30–60%) than in Western Europe (up to 30%), but it remained constant over the 10-year period.
Knowledge of genetic diversity of confectionary sunflower can have a large impact on its use in breeding programmes. However, levels and distribution of genetic variation within the confectionary ...sunflower gene pool are still not adequately explored. The aim of the present paper was to describe the diversity of 68 confectionary sunflower genotypes: open-pollinated varieties, lines and hybrids. A total of 32 morphological traits were used for characterization. The Shannon & Weaver diversity index (H) was estimated as a measure of morphological diversity. The mean value of the Shannon index was 0·71, which indicates a high morphological diversity. The lowest diversity was found for leaf descriptors, moderately high to high for seed traits, while the highest values were found for disc flowers and ray florets. The highest individual descriptor diversity was found for: head attitude, the angle of leaf lateral nerves and ray floret disposition. The homogeneity analysis (HOMALS) multivariate reduction technique for nominal categorical data proved to be an efficient method for a comprehensive overview of genotype diversity and group homogeneity. Besides diversity, the number of categories and uniformity of genotype distribution determines discriminative power of descriptors. Traits that contributed the most to the distinction of genotypes were identified, enabling differentiation of genotypes with similar phenotypic attributes. The highest discriminative power was observed in traits such as anthocyanin colouration of stigma (DFIA), seed colour of stripes and seed main colour. The genotypes tested formed two distinctive major groups of varieties and hybrids with inbred lines widely dispersed along both axes. A separate grouping was obtained per the most discriminative traits based on HOMALS analysis, while the best separation was obtained using DFIA. Isolated genotypes that may not be representative by yield or seed-specific traits can be useful sources of traits for breeding. Morphological characterization can be used to improve description and classification of confectionary sunflower germplasm when evaluating diversity.
To report a case series of three patients with bilateral uveal effusion syndrome (UES), treated conservatively with oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and topical prostaglandin analogues (PAs).
Three ...patients with bilateral UES were treated with the same initial therapy. Topical PA latanoprost 0.005% and acetazolamide 250 mg were administered in order to reduce intraocular pressure, improve uveoscleral outflow, and facilitate resolution of uveal effusion.
The chorioretinal detachment resolved within 3 months in two reported patients while the third one underwent surgery on his left eye. After clinical improvement, further oral therapy with acetazolamide was stopped, while topical prostaglandins were continued for at least the next 3 months. All patients were free from recurrence during the follow-up period.
Although the usually recommended UES therapy is partial or full-thickness sclerectomy, our case series showed apparent resolution of chorioretinal detachment in two patients on medical therapy alone. Conservative therapy may be the first step before the standard recommended surgical approach, but further studies are needed to verify the effectiveness of reported therapy.
Patients with chronic renal failure are known to have renal osteodystrophy (bone disease) and increased calcification of vessels. A new marker of bone disease, sclerostin, the two pro‐inflammatory ...cytokines tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐alpha) and interleukin‐18 (IL‐18), and the fibroblast growth factor‐23 (FGF‐23) receptor‐associated marker Klotho were tested in 84 haemodialysis (HD) patients and in healthy controls. The patients had significantly higher levels of the three former markers than of the controls while Klotho was significantly higher in the controls. Low level, but significant, correlations were observed in the patient group when the levels of these four markers were compared to each other and to those of 5 cytokines and growth factors tested earlier; high‐sensitive CRP (hsCRP), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), fibroblast growth factor‐23 (FGF‐23) and soluble urokinase plasminogen activator (suPAR). Ln sclerostin correlated positively to Ln hsTNF‐alpha, Ln HGF and Ln suPAR. Ln hsTNF‐alpha correlated positively to Ln sclerostin, Ln hsCRP, Ln IL‐6, Ln FGF‐23, Ln suPAR and Ln IL‐18. Ln IL‐18 correlated positively to Ln suPAR and Ln TNF‐alpha. Ln Klotho correlated negatively to Ln hsCRP but did not correlate to Ln FGF‐23. The markers studied here may be involved in the calcification of vessels seen in HD patients due to a combination of inflammation and bone disease. The mechanisms are still not fully known but may be of importance for future therapeutic possibilities in this group of patients.
Improving resistance to water and osmotic stresses at the seedling stage is becoming a much more important target for wheat breeders due to an increase in the frequency and severity of drought ...occurrences at the crop establishment and tillering phases in many wheat growing areas of the world. Ninety-six diverse wheat genotypes were laboratory tested for germination and growth response under osmotic stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG). Germination percentage, mean germination time, coleoptile length, shoot length and shoot growth rate were compared under stress (−0·4 MPa) and control (0·0 MPa) conditions. The same genotypes were previously grown in field trials exposed to drought stress during the anthesis and/or grain filling growth stage along with control (optimum) conditions. Grain yield (GY) and 19 other traits of agronomic importance (earliness, stem-related traits, number of kernels, mass of 1000 grains, etc.) were recorded. All seedling traits under PEG-induced water stress showed the highest relationship with the stem and stem-related traits of adult plants. To study the correlation between stress tolerance in the seedling and reproductive stages, three stress indices (tolerance index (TOL), stress susceptibility index (SSI) and stress tolerance index (STI)) for the seedling traits and GY under pre- and post-anthesis drought stress were calculated, based on a mean trait value obtained under stress and the corresponding trait value under control conditions. The ranking of the genotypes based on TOL and STI from seedling traits was found in most cases to be significantly correlated with the ranking of genotypes based on TOL and STI from GY, respectively.
Information, as one of the important factors of armed conflicts, greatly influences the physiognomy, the direction and the speed of the development of contemporary conflicts. It expresses the ...availability of knowledge and data necessary for successful command and control at all levels. Its availability reduces the uncertainty in military activity and enables a better assessment of the situation, as well as making relevant decisions in real time. In the paper, the Telecommunications and Information System (TkIS) of the Serbian Armed Forces (SAF) is looked at from several aspects, and the issue of the need for improvement of the existing system, imposed by constant development of information technologies, is being updated. The concept, purpose, structure and level of development of the TkIS are dealt with in the paper, particularly the level of development of the SAF TkIS and its cause-effect relation with the defense of the Republic of Serbia, with a focus on military defense. The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of the Serbian Armed Forces telecommunications and information system on the defense of the Republic of Serbia with the emphasis on military defense, and to point out the need for continuous improvement of the TkIS and continuous education, i.e. adequate and timely training of the personnel for its use for military defense. The importance of the work is in the analyzed state of the Serbian Telecommunications and Information System in relation to the needs of the military defense of the Republic of Serbia in the context of contemporary security challenges. / Информация, как один из важных факторов войны, оказывает большое влияние на форму, направление и скорость развития современных конфликтов. Она подразумевает владение знаниями и данными, необходимыми для успешного командования и управления на всех уровнях. Владение информацией снижает степень неизвестности в военном деле и способствует лучшей оценке ситуации, а также принятию соответствующих решений в реальном времени. В данной статье с разных аспектов представлена телекоммуникационная система (ТкИС) Вооруженных сил Республики Сербия и открывается вопрос о необходимости совершенствования существующей системы, что в свою очередь требует постоянное развитие информационных технологий. В работе описаны понятие, назначение, применение, структура и достигнутый уровень развития ТкИС. С особым вниманием были проанализированы уровень развития ТкИС ВС РС и причинно-следственные связи с обороной Республики Сербия, с упором на военную оборону. Цель данной работы заключается в представлении того, каким образом информационная и телекоммуникационная системы Вооруженных сил Республики Сербия могут влиять на оборону Республики Сербия, особенно на военную оборону, нам также хотелось обратить внимание на необходимость постоянного совершенствования и развития ТкИС, то есть, в организации соответствующей и своевременной подготовки персонала для нужд военной обороны. Значимость данной работы заключается в проведенном анализе состояния телекоммуникационной и информационной систем Вооруженных сил Республики Сербия и представлении реальных нужд военной обороны Республики Сербия в контексте современных вызовов безопасности. / Informacija, kao jedan od značajnih faktora oružane borbe, u velikoj meri utiče na fizionomiju, pravac i brzinu razvoja savremenih sukoba. Ona izražava raspoloživost znanjima i podacima potrebnim za uspešno komandovanje i rukovođenje na svim nivoima. Njenom raspoloživošću smanjuje se neizvesnost u vojnoj delatnosti i omogućava se bolja procena situacije, kao i donošenje svrsishodnih odluka u realnom vremenu. U radu se sa više aspekata sagledava telekomunikaciono-informacioni sistem (TkIS) Vojske Srbije i aktuelizuje pitanje potrebe unapređenja postojećeg sistema koje nameće neprestani razvoj informacionih tehnologija. U radu se navode pojam, namena, struktura i dostignuti stepen razvoja TkIS. Detaljno su analizirani stepen razvoja TkIS VS i uzročno-posledične veze sa odbranom Republike Srbije, sa težištem na vojnoj odbrani. Cilj rada jeste da se sagleda uticaj telekomunikaciono-informacionog sistema Vojske Srbije na odbranu Republike Srbije sa težištem na vojnoj odbrani, kao i da se ukaže na potrebu neprestanog usavršavanja TkIS i kontinuirane edukacije, odnosno adekvatne i pravovremene obuke kadra za njihovo korišćenje u vojnoodbrambene svrhe. Značaj rada ogleda se u analizi stanja telekomunikaciono-informacionog sistema Vojske Srbije u odnosu na potrebe vojne odbrane Republike Srbije u kontekstu savremenih bezbednosnih izazova.
Semiclassical transport simulation of nucleus-nucleus collisions for the range of incident energy from about the Fermi energy up to a few hundred MeV per nucleon evidences that the maximal excitation ...energy put into a nuclear system during the early compact stage of heavy-ion reaction is a constant fraction of the center-of-mass available energy of the system. Analysis of experimental data without presuming reaction mechanism dominating the collision process on the best corroborates the found constancy of energy partition in central heavy-ion reactions.
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