Olive (Olea europaea L.) is a Mediterranean fruit crop that requires irrigation to achieve optimal yield and quality. Irrigation practices and damage of olive fruit curculio (Rhodocyrtus cribripennis ...(Desbrochers, 1869)), a pest of olive fruit, may be an important factor in determining the stage of fruit maturity, one of the main indicator of of fruit quality. The aim of this paper is to determine how different practices, through the amount and frequency of irrigation, with presence of olive fruit curculio, affect the maturity index of olive, variety ‘Coratina’. The research was conducted on 24 olive trees at two locations in Zadar County: Žman (Dugi otok) and Novigrad. Irrigation was performed with a drip system with four variants in three replicates: K (0%) rainfed olives; T1 (PP) irrigation set according to grower experience; T2 (SAN) irrigation set according to evapotranspiration and olive phenology, at up to 80% of field capacity and T3 (100%) where 100% of calculated evapotranspiration was added. Soil analysis determined the field capacity, and evapotranspiration was read from the Pinova™ meteorological station. Harvests was conducted in October 2020 and 2021. For determination of olive fruit curculio infestation and maturity index, 100 fruits per sample were harvested. By processing the data with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and return test (Tukey), the significant effect of irrigation practices on the olive fruit maturity index by treatments, years and locations, single and interdependent, was determined. No effect was found between the presence of olive fruit curculio and the maturity index.
Olive groves in the Mediterranean may lose production sustainability because of their vulnerability to climatic change. Irrigation is an important measure that could significantly affect fruit yield, ...olive fruit fly infestation, and oil characteristics. The aim of paper was to compare the regulated deficit irrigation with different water management practices, in consecutive years, in two locations in Zadar County (Croatia), affecting fruit morphology, olive fruit fly infestation, and quantity and quality of the extracted Coratina cultivar oil. Treatments, namely C—rainfed, T1—deficit irrigation (produce’s practice), T2—regulated deficit irrigation, and T3—full irrigation (100% ECTO), were established. Irrigated treatments had a positive effect on all morphological characteristics of the fruit. The pulp mass, independently of the year, increased in irrigated treatment (ranging from 1.04 to 1.65 in C to 2.25 and 2.30 in the irrigated treatments) and resulted in a higher oil content on a fresh weight basis (ranging from 16.39% to 17.85% in C to 19.48% to 23.26% in the irrigated treatments). However, fruit yield per tree was only location-dependent. When olive fruit fly presence was high, fruit infestation was greatest in the irrigated compared to the rainfed treatment. According to quality parameters, all oils were classified as EVOO. Individual phenols were influenced by irrigation, while the composition of fatty acids was more influenced by location than treatment. The sensory characteristics of the resulting oil were slightly reduced compared to rainfed treatment. The results indicate that regulated deficit irrigation benefits water use sustainability without compromising the quality of the oil.
Croatian islands are olive growing areas characterized by poor conditions for olive trees because of karst soil and a precipitation deficiency. Under these conditions, irrigation is a very important ...factor for constant olive oil production. This paper aims to investigate the effects of different watering regimes on quantity, sensory and chemical quality and composition of Coratina cv. olive oil obtained from trees grown on ameliorate karst soil during two harvesting years. Olive trees were subjected to rainfed conditions and three different irrigation treatments (T1—deficit irrigation representing the usual producer’s practice, T2—regulated deficit irrigation in respect to phenological stages, T3—full irrigation). Irrigation treatments increased oil yield compared to rainfed conditions (T1 + 58%, T2 + 66% and T3 + 74%, representing average values for both studied years). All olive oil samples were of extra quality. Irrigation led to a decrease in carotenoids, volatiles, polyunsaturated fatty acids and linolenic acid contents, with no difference found among irrigation treatments. Total phenols and secoiridoids concentration was not affected by irrigation, indicating that similar oil quality could be achieved with less demand on the water supply. Obtained results could help producers to define a suitable irrigation management in particular conditions of ameliorate karst.
•Conducted 3-years of water temperature monitoring from three stormwater ponds.•Developed a new model to predict thermal profiles in stormwater wet ponds.•Developed a new model for pond outlet ...discharge temperature during storm events.•The model is used to showcase the cooling effects of pond max depth and outlet.•The new model can help protect thermally-sensitive aquatic life in urban streams.
Discharges of warm water from shallow stormwater management ponds during summer months into receiving headwater streams pose a risk to aquatic ecosystems in urban watersheds, especially in cool- and cold-water streams. Physically based models such as MINUHET have been used to assess the effects of thermal loading on receiving streams. However, these models require a significant amount of data and are complex to calibrate and use for the optimized designs that ensure protection of vulnerable aquatic life in urban stream ecosystems. This research introduces a user friendly and more accurate machine learning method to predict thermal profiles in stormwater ponds and the pond outlet discharge temperature to the receiving streams during storm events. Monitoring data were collected between 2014 and 2016 from three stormwater ponds in southern Ontario to train and test the new model. The new model is used to demonstrate the degree to which cooling effects can be achieved from remedial actions such as increasing the pond depth by dredging one meter and if a bottom-draw outlet is used instead of a mid-depth draw outlet. The methods presented in this study can be used to support an improved stormwater management pond design guidelines based on the key design objective that the thermal regime of the stormwater pond outlet discharge water must match the thermal regime of the receiving stream. The main objective is to avoid any discernable warming of the stream due to the stormwater pond discharge under a range of summer temperatures and storm event sizes.
Zeolites are a large group of aluminosilicate minerals that appear in non-metamorphic rocks or are synthesized by humans. Interest in the use of zeolites in agricultural production has been growing ...in recent years, primarily because they are environmentally friendly. They are used to protect the plants from insects in open areas, as well as in warehouses. Research is being conducted on the effectiveness of zeolite in controlling the insect eggs, larvae, and adults, the cause of plant diseases, and weeds. The movement of insects on the treated parts of the plant is difficult because the zeolite particles are caught by their hairs, making it difficult for them to feed, so they eventually die. Aluminum-rich zeolites are mostly used as the means for drying the surface parts of plants, considering that water is needed for the infections caused by the fungi and bacteria, or they create a thin layer on a leaf surface that prevents the germination of spores and the development of certain plant diseases. Zeolites have a potential to be slowly released, and therefore they ensure that the active substance of the herbicide has a longer duration of effectiveness, whereby a potential for leaching and environmental pollution is being reduced.
Zeoliti su velika skupina aluminosilikatnih minerala koji se pojavljuju u nemetamor- foznim stijenama ili ih sintetizira čovjek. Posljednjih godina raste interes za korištenje zeolita u ...poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji prvenstveno jer su ekološki prihvatljivi. Koriste se u zaštiti bilja od kukaca na otvorenim površinama, ali i u skladištima. Provode se istraživanja djelotvornosti zeolita u suzbijanju jaja, ličinaka i odraslih jedinaka kukaca, uzročnika biljnih bolesti i korova. Kretanje kukaca po tretiranim dijelovima biljke je otežano jer se čestice zeolita hvataju za dlačice, pa im je ishrana otežana te u konačnici dolazi do ugibanja. Zeoliti bogati aluminijem većinom se koriste kao sredstva za isušivanje površinskih dijelova biljke s obzirom na to da je za nastanak infekcije koje uzrokuju gljive i bakterije potrebna voda, ili se na površini lista stvara tanki sloj koji sprječava klijanje spora i razvoj određene biljne bolesti. Zeoliti imaju mogućnost sporoga otpuštanja, te stoga osiguravaju da aktivna tvar herbicida ima trajniju učinkovitost, pa se smanjuje potencijal ispiranja i onečišćenja okoliša.
Olive Olea europaea L) is a Mediterranean fruit crop that requires irrigation to achieve optimal yield and quality. Irrigation practices and damage of olive fruit curculio Rhodocyrtus cribripennis ...(Desbrochers, 1869)), a pest of olive fruit, may be an important factor in determining the stage of fruit maturity, one of the main indicator of of fruit quality. The aim of this paper is to determine how different practices, through the amount and frequency of irrigation, with presence of olive fruit curculio, affect the maturity index of olive, variety 'Coratina'. The research was conducted on 24 olive trees at two locations in Zadar County: Zman (Dugi otok) and Novigrad. Irrigation was performed with a drip system with four variants in three replicates: K (0%) rainfed olives; Tl (PP) irrigation set according to grower experience; T2 (SAN) irrigation set according to evapotranspiration and olive phenology, at up to 80% of field capacity and T3 (100%) where 100% of calculated evapotranspiration was added. Soil analysis determined the field capacity, and evapotranspiration was read from the PinovaTM meteorological station. Harvests was conducted in October 2020 and 2021. For determination of olive fruit curculio infestation and maturity index, 100 fruits per sample were harvested. By processing the data with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and return test (Tukey), the significant effect of irrigation practices on the olive fruit maturity index by treatments, years and locations, single and interdependent, was determined. No effect was found between the presence of olive fruit curculio and the maturity index. Keywords: irrigation, maturity index, olive fruit curculio, SAN, Zadar County Maslina Olea europaea L) je mediteranska vocna kultura koja zahtjeva navodnjavanje kako bi se postigao optimalni prinos i kvaliteta. Prakse navodnjavanja i stete od maslininog svrdlasa Rhodocyrtus cribripennis (Desbrochers, 1869.)),stetnika koji napada plod, mogu biti bitan dmbenik pri odredivanju stupanja zrelosti, jednog od glavnih indikatora kakvoce ploda. Cilj rada je utvrditi kako razlidta praksa, pri odredivanju kolicine i ucestalosti obroka navodnjavanja, uz prisutnost svrdlasa, utjece na indeks zrelosti masline, sorte 'Coratina (1) . Istrazivanje je provedeno na 24 stabla masline na dvije lokacije u Zadarskoj zupaniji: Zman (Dugi otok) i Novigrad. Navodnjavanje je provedeno sustavom kap na kap sa cetiri varijante u tri ponavljanja: K(0%) samo kisenje, Tl(PP) proizvodac odredivao obroke prema iskustvu, T2(SAN) obroci odredivani obzirom na evapotranspiraciju i fenofazu razvoja, s do 80% poljskog kapaciteta tia i T3(100%) dodavanje vode do 100% od izracunate evapotranspiracije. Analizom tia odreden je poljski kapacitet, a evapotranspiracija je odtavana s meteopostaje PinovaTM. Berbe su obavljene u listopadu 2020. i 2021. Za odredivanje stete od svrdlasa te indeksa zrelosti ubrano je 100 plodova po uzorku. Obradom podataka jednosmjernom analizom varijance (ANOVA) i povratnim testom (Tukey), utvrden je statisticki znacajan utjecaj praksi navodnjavanja na indeks zrelosti ploda masline po tretmanima, godinama i lokacijama, jednostruko i u meduovisnosti. Nije ustanovljen utjecaj izmedu prisutnosti svrdlasa i indeksa zrelosti. Kljucne rijeci: indeks zrelosti, maslinin svrdlas, navodnjavanje, SAN, Zadarska zupanija Olive Olea europaea L) is a Mediterranean fruit culture. Although cultivated on shallow and skeletal soil with low soil capacity for water, irrigation is required in order to achieve a satisfactory yield and quality of the olive fruit. The olive fruit curculio Rhodocyrtus cribripennis (Desbrochers, 1869.) is a periodic pest of the olive. With the appearance of adults, it damages the fruit by biting it, which affects the quality. An important factor in harvesting and achieving top quality is the degree maturity index of fruit. The aim of this paper is to determine how different practices, through the quantity and frequency of irrigation, on skeletal and heterogeneous soil, with the presence of olive fruit curculio, influences the fruit maturity index of 'Coratina' variety. The research was conducted on 24 olive trees during 2020 and 2021 at two locations in Zadar County, Croatia: Zman (Dugi otok) and Novigrad. Irrigation was done using a drip system with four variants in three repetitions. The treatments in the experiment represented different irrigation practices: K (0%) - olive trees without irrigation in vegetation, only rain fed, TI (PP) - production practice, irrigation set according to grower experience, T2 (SAN) - irrigation set according to evapotranspiration and olive phenology, at up to 80% of the field water capacity and T3 (100%) - addition of water up to 100% of the calculated evapotranspiration. The soil analysis determined the field capacity for water, and the precipitation and evapotranspiration were determined using the Pinova TM agricultural meteorological stations. Harvests were done on 12 (th) of October 2020 and 10 (th) of October 2021 at Zman and 23 (th) of October 2020 and 17 (th) of October 2021 at locality Novigrad. One hundred fruits per sample were harvested to determine the damage by olive fruit curculio and maturity index according to the standardized procedure. The statistical processing of data by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a reverse test (Tukey) determines the influence of irrigation and the presence of olive fruit curculio on the stage of the fruit maturity index. The K treatment had the lowest value of the maturity index at both locations. Taking into consideration treatments and years, in both years the index of maturity showed the lowest value for the treatment of K (from 0,38 to 0,68) and the highest value for the treatment of T3, from 0,51 to 1,19. By treatments and locations, the maturity index was higher at location Novigrad. The effect of the researched irrigation practices on the index of olives fruit maturity by treatments, years and locations, single and interdependence, was determined. Furthermore, results showed that the presence of olive fruit curculio was highest in the rain fed treatment and the treatment where 100% water of the calculated evapotranspiration was added, while the lowest presence was in the treatment where irrigation was determined according to evapotranspiration and olive phenology. Damage from olive fruit curculio to both locations was higher in 2021. There was no statistically determined difference of damages caused by the olive fruit curculio, by treatments and locations. The influence between the presence of olive fruit curculio and the maturity index had a low correlation coefficient (r= - 0,24) and setting a statistical regression model for this relation was not justified.
Olive Olea europaea L) is a Mediterranean fruit crop that requires irrigation to achieve optimal yield and quality. Irrigation practices and damage of olive fruit curculio Rhodocyrtus cribripennis ...(Desbrochers, 1869)), a pest of olive fruit, may be an important factor in determining the stage of fruit maturity, one of the main indicator of of fruit quality. The aim of this paper is to determine how different practices, through the amount and frequency of irrigation, with presence of olive fruit curculio, affect the maturity index of olive, variety 'Coratina'. The research was conducted on 24 olive trees at two locations in Zadar County: Zman (Dugi otok) and Novigrad. Irrigation was performed with a drip system with four variants in three replicates: K (0%) rainfed olives; Tl (PP) irrigation set according to grower experience; T2 (SAN) irrigation set according to evapotranspiration and olive phenology, at up to 80% of field capacity and T3 (100%) where 100% of calculated evapotranspiration was added. Soil analysis determined the field capacity, and evapotranspiration was read from the PinovaTM meteorological station. Harvests was conducted in October 2020 and 2021. For determination of olive fruit curculio infestation and maturity index, 100 fruits per sample were harvested. By processing the data with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and return test (Tukey), the significant effect of irrigation practices on the olive fruit maturity index by treatments, years and locations, single and interdependent, was determined. No effect was found between the presence of olive fruit curculio and the maturity index.
Maslina (Olea europaea L.) je mediteranska voćna kultura koja zahtjeva navodnjavanje kako bi se postigao optimalni prinos i kvaliteta. Prakse navodnjavanja i štete od maslininog svrdlaša (Rhodocyrtus ...cribripennis (Desbrochers, 1869.)),štetnika koji napada plod, mogu biti bitan čimbenik pri određivanju stupanja zrelosti, jednog od glavnih indikatora kakvoće ploda. Cilj rada je utvrditi kako različita praksa, pri određivanju količine i učestalosti obroka navodnjavanja, uz prisutnost svrdlaša, utječe na indeks zrelosti masline, sorte 'Coratina'. Istraživanje je provedeno na 24 stabla masline na dvije lokacije u Zadarskoj županiji: Žman (Dugi otok) i Novigrad. Navodnjavanje je provedeno sustavom kap na kap sa četiri varijante u tri ponavljanja: K(0%) samo kišenje, T1(PP) proizvođač određivao obroke prema iskustvu, T2(SAN) obroci određivani obzirom na evapotranspiraciju i fenofazu razvoja, s do 80% poljskog kapaciteta tla i T3(100%) dodavanje vode do 100% od izračunate evapotranspiracije. Analizom tla određen je poljski kapacitet, a evapotranspiracija je očitavana s meteopostaje Pinova™. Berbe su obavljene u listopadu 2020. i 2021. Za određivanje štete od svrdlaša te indeksa zrelosti ubrano je 100 plodova po uzorku. Obradom podataka jednosmjernom analizom varijance (ANOVA) i povratnim testom (Tukey), utvrđen je statistički značajan utjecaj praksi navodnjavanja na indeks zrelosti ploda masline po tretmanima, godinama i lokacijama, jednostruko i u međuovisnosti. Nije ustanovljen utjecaj između prisutnosti svrdlaša i indeksa zrelosti.
Poljoprivredna je proizvodnja od velike važnosti za prehranu ljudi i životinja. Budući da su potrebe za hranom svaki dan sve veće, a razina šteta se, ovisno o kulturi, umnogome ne mijenja, potrebno ...je naći nova rješenja. Svaki uzgoj bilja prati i njegova problematika ekonomski značajnih štetnih organizama i stresa uzrokovanog vanjskim i unutrašnjim čimbenicima. Takvi se problemi ne mogu više nadgledati samo ljudskim okom, pogotovu na većim parcelama, pa se rješenja traže u područjima precizne poljoprivrede. Suvremene tehnike uzimanja i obrade vizualnih podataka usmjerene su prema automatskom analiziranju usjeva preko slika i tako uvelike skraćuju vrijeme i rad inače potreban za otkrivanje prve pojave štetnih organizama i abiotskog stresa. Tehnike analize slika omogućuju lakše određivanje stupnja razvoja štetnog organizma (štetnika, biljnih bolesti, korova), klasifikaciju biljaka na zdrave i zaražene te otkrivanje biljnog stresa. Cilj je ovih analiza provjeriti zdravstveno stanje većeg broja biljaka u kraćem vremenu te predvidjeti mogućnost razvoja štetnog organizma i stresa bilja. U tu se svrhu danas koristi umjetna inteligencija kao najbolje rješenje. Ove tehnike i metode moraju biti brže, bolje i ekonomičnije od ljudskog rada. Rad rasvjetljuje nove spoznaje u području istraživanja i primjena tehnika detekcije štetnih organizama i stresa biljaka obradom vizualnih podataka usmjerenih kao alat za pomoć agronomu te pregledom dostupnih istraživanja u fitomedicini.
