Herba Patriniae has been used for thousands of years in China as a traditional Chinese medicine with heat-clearing and detoxicating effects. It is applied widly for the treatment of rheumatoid ...arthritis, diarrhea, acute hepatitis, pelvic inflammatory disease and ulcerative colitis in clinic. Two species, namely Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch. (PS) and Patrinia villosa Juss. (PV) from the Caprifoliaceae family, are considered as Herba Patriniae in the pharmaceutical industry.
This paper aims to comprehensively outline the traditional uses, botanical description, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, quality control, pharmacokinetics and patents of Herba Patriniae, and elaborate the same/different characteristics between PS and PV.
Detailed information of Herba Patriniae was collected from various online databases (Pubmed, Web of Science, Google Schola, China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database, National Intellectual Property Administration, PRC National Medical Products Administration), and those published resources (M.Sc. Thesis and books).
A total of 233 compounds have been identified in Herba Patriniae, including triterpenoid saponins, flavonoids, organic acids, iridoids, and volatiles. A very distinct difference was observed, that PS is rich in triterpenoid saponins and volatiles, while PV contains more flavonoids. Two source species of Herba Patriniae gave similar pharmacological effects on anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, sedative and hypnotic effects. But there were no reports were on antipruritic, proangiogenic and anti-diarrheal effects for PS, and no studies on anti-diabetic effects for PV. Generally, Herba Patriniae showed non-toxic in the clinical dose, but mild side effects, such as temporary leukopenia, dizziness and nausea, could be found when large and excessive dosage is used. A variety of compounds have been quantified for the quality control of PS and PV. The variety, growth environment, growth time, and harvest time not only affected the contents but also the pharmacological activities of the bioactive compounds. In the past year, patents for compositions containing PV and PS have been filed, mainly involving human health, hygiene, agriculture, and animal husbandry. Unfortunately, the research on pharmacokinetics is insufficient. Only the prototype components and metabolites were repored after intragastric administration of total flavonoids extract from PV in rats.
Herba Patriniae has displayed a significant medicinal value in clinic, but the differences in phytochemistry, pharmacological effects and the content of compounds have been found between two official recorded species. About side effects and pharmacokinetic characteristics, the differences between two species have not been well studied. For a better clinical use of Herba Patriniae, it is urgent to establish systematic pharmacology, quality control, pharmacokinetics, and clinical researches on the same/different characteristics between PS and PV.
Display omitted
In this paper, the distributed synchronization problem of networks of agent systems with controllers and nonlinearities subject to Bernoulli switchings is investigated. Controllers and adaptive ...updating laws injected in each vertex of networks depend on the state information of its neighborhood. Three sets of Bernoulli stochastic variables are introduced to describe the occurrence probabilities of distributed adaptive controllers, updating laws and nonlinearities, respectively. By the Lyapunov functions method, we show that the distributed synchronization of networks composed of agent systems with multiple randomly occurring nonlinearities, multiple randomly occurring controllers, and multiple randomly occurring updating laws can be achieved in mean square under certain criteria. The conditions derived in this paper can be solved by semi-definite programming. Moreover, by mathematical analysis, we find that the coupling strength, the probabilities of the Bernoulli stochastic variables, and the form of nonlinearities have great impacts on the convergence speed and the terminal control strength. The synchronization criteria and the observed phenomena are demonstrated by several numerical simulation examples. In addition, the advantage of distributed adaptive controllers over conventional adaptive controllers is illustrated.
Friction welding is a popular process for joining metal and polymer work pieces by rubbing them against each other. This way, friction heat is generated in a zone of the faying surfaces, thinner than ...1 mm. After cooling down, the heated surfaces establish a tight and strong bond. To improve this joining process, a method is desirable allowing measuring generated temperature and shear stress in the zone between the joining work pieces. Unfortunately, this is a very difficult task because the welding zone cannot be accessed with a sensor without significantly altering the process and thereby the desired measurement results. This paper describes how shear stress and temperature change generated by rubbing polymer pieces in a friction welding machine have been measured between the faying surfaces by employing sensor foils from the piezoelectric and pyroelectric polymer polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). This way, heating and cooling rates, pressure rise of the pneumatic system, frequency rise of the starting machine, the duration of starting and stopping, the damping of the vibrations after the drive was stopped, and the stress generated by the pullback of the machine head have been measured. A careful characterization of the sensor was necessary to enable distinguishing the measured voltage due to straining, shearing and temperature change.
The parallel-coupled double circular mesoscopic Josephson junction devices connecting to two photon reservoirs are investigated, and the time-dependent photonic heat current formula is derived. The ...time-oscillating structures of heat current are contributed by the superposition of heat current branches with frequencies
0
,
±
ω
i
,
±
2
ω
i
(
i
=
1
,
2
). The frequency ratio
ω
2
/
ω
1
of field-induced oscillation branches dominates the current evolution structure. The main oscillation wave package can be superposed by multiple resonant peaks as the two frequencies do not match entirely. As magnetic fluxes
Φ
i
possess the relation
Φ
2
=
m
Φ
1
, the dc photonic heat current versus
Φ
1
exhibits maximum values with equal height located at
Φ
1
=
n
Φ
0
, where
m
,
n
are integers, and
Φ
0
is the flux quantum. The main peaks are split to form multi-peak structure, and the number of split resonant peaks in a period
Φ
0
is equal to
m
. The detailed behavior is intimately ascribed to whether
m
being odd or even.
Graphic abstract
This paper establishes a general equilibrium trade model, adopts the “market access” approach to measure the impact of the high-speed railway (HSR) network on the economic growth of 110 main Chinese ...prefecture-level cities, of which we manually collected the pairwise travel distances and railway speeds to calculate MA (Market Access). The empirical results show that the launch of HSR exhibits significant positive effects on growth, specifically, 1 percentage increase in MA leads to an increase of real income by 0.123 (controlling region fixed effect) or 0.121 (controlling province fixed effect) percentage. Counterfactual econometrics analysis shows that if all HSR were removed in 2015, the market access would fall by an average of 76.2%, and aggregate real income would decline by up to 9.4%. The growth effect of HSR varies across cities, and HSR has a more prominent impact on services than on manufactures. The conclusion stands valid after a series of robustness tests.
Objective
This study aimed to investigate the structure of the mitral valve in patients undergoing mitral valvuloplasty (MVP) using real‐time three‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography ...(RT‐3D‐TEE). The main objective was to study the relationship between intraoperative annuloplasty ring size and mitral valve structure dimensions, with a focus on exploring the application value of RT‐3D‐TEE in MVP.
Methods
A total of 28 patients with degenerative mitral regurgitation (DMR), who underwent MVP between February and September 2022, as well as 12 normal control cases, were enrolled in this study. The MV annulus and leaflets were quantitatively analyzed using MVN software.
Results
The DMR group exhibited significantly greater dimensions in various parameters of the mitral valve, including the anterolateral‐to‐posteromedial diameter (DAlPm), anterior‐to‐posterior diameter (DAP), annulus height (HA), three‐dimensional annulus circumference (CA3D), two‐dimensional annulus area (AA2D), anterior leaflet area (Aant), posterior leaflet area (Apost), anterior leaflet length (Lant), posterior leaflet length (Lpost), and tenting volume (Vtent) compared to the control group.
Conclusion
Real‐time three‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography provides valuable insights into the morphological structure of the mitral valve and lesion location. It can aid in surgical decision‐making, validate the success of MVP, and potentially reduce mortality and complications associated with mitral valve repair procedures.
Objective: Investigate the structure of mitral valve in patients who have had mitral valvuloplasty (MVP) using real‐time three‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (RT‐3D‐TEE) to study the relationship between the use of intraoperative annuloplasty ring size and mitral valve structure dimensions so as to explore the application value of RT‐3D‐TEE in MVP. Methods: We enrolled a total of 28 patients with DMR, who underwent MVP in our hospital between February and September 2022 and 12 normal control cases, to conduct a quantitative study of the mitral annulus and leaflets using MVN software. Results: (1) The DMR group had greater DAlPm (anterolateral‐to‐posteromedial diameter), DAP (anterior‐to‐posterior diameter), HA (annulus height), CA3D (three‐dimensional annulus circumference), and AA2D (two‐dimensional annulus area) of the mitral valve compared to the control group with statistically significant differences (p < .05). (2) The DMR group had greater Aant (anterior leaflet area), Apost (posterior leaflet area), Lant (anterior leaflet length), Lpost (posterior leaflet length), and Vtent (tenting volume) of the mitral valve when compared to the control group with the statistically significant differences (p < .05). (3) There was a significant positive correlation between the mitral valve values of DAlPm, DAP, CA3D, AA2D, Aant, Lant, and DI (p < .05) and the annuloplasty ring size. (4) Using multiple linear regression, the DAP, Lant, and DI had a significant effect on the mitral valve annuloplasty ring size (R2 = .980, F = 387.375, p < .01), giving the linear regression equation: Y = 0.902 + 8.409X1 + 0.780X2 + 0.623X3. Conclusion: The morphological structure of the mitral valve and lesion location can be evaluated quantitatively using RT‐3D‐TEE to aid in surgical decision‐making. Measurements taken after operation can be used to validate the success of MVP, and reduce mortality and complications, increasing the value of this approach.
Solution-processable perovskites show highly emissive and good charge transport, making them attractive for low-cost light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with high energy conversion efficiencies. Despite ...recent advances in device efficiency, the stability of perovskite LEDs is still a major obstacle. Here, we demonstrate stable and bright perovskite LEDs with high energy conversion efficiencies by optimizing formamidinium lead iodide films. Our LEDs show an energy conversion efficiency of 10.7%, and an external quantum efficiency of 14.2% without outcoupling enhancement through controlling the concentration of the precursor solutions. The device shows low efficiency droop, i.e. 8.3% energy conversion efficiency and 14.0% external quantum efficiency at a current density of 300 mA cm
, making the device more efficient than state-of-the-art organic and quantum-dot LEDs at high current densities. Furthermore, the half-lifetime of device with benzylamine treatment is 23.7 hr under a current density of 100 mA cm
, comparable to the lifetime of near-infrared organic LEDs.
Over the past decade, due to the unique advantages of polymer nano-materials, applications of polymer nanofibers including tissue engineering, protective clothing, filters and sensors has increased ...significantly. How to prepare polymer nanofibers has become a hot research topic. This paper reviews the process for the preparation of polymer nanofibers via melt spinning developed in recent years, and outlines the advantages and disadvantages of these types of preparation. Finally, development of preparation for the polymer nanofibers has been summarized.
The swelling behavior of expansive clays is widely investigated in the literature, while fewer studies were focused on their collapse behavior under high-stress level during wetting. This paper ...investigates the development of one-dimensional volumetric strain (
ε
) (1) with time during soaking and (2) with gravimetric water content (
w
) during wetting over a wide range of initial densities (
ρ
d
) and vertical stress (
σ
v
) levels, for an expansive clay collected from Nanyang, China. It was found that (1) specimens with high
ρ
d
tend to swell during wetting or soaking under low
σ
v
. Swelling gradually transfers to collapse with increasing
σ
v
and decreasing
ρ
d
. The amount of swelling or collapse is sensitive to the
σ
v
and
ρ
d
; (2) collapse and swelling
ε
–log(
t
) relationships during soaking are similar and have three distinct stages. They are well described by a unique model; (3) the speed of the volumetric change during soaking is only sensitive to the
σ
v
and
ρ
d
when the
ρ
d
is higher than a threshold value (1.5 Mg/m
3
for the investigated clay); (4) during soaking, relationships between the final
ε
,
ρ
d
, and log(
σ
v
) are linear and continuous from swelling to collapse and are described using a linear equation; and (5) the collapse and swelling
ε
–
w
relationships during wetting have similar nonlinear characteristics. A simple model was proposed to predict all measured swelling and collapse
ε
–
w
relationships under various
σ
v
and
ρ
d
levels using only one set of parameters. Experimental data and models presented in this study contribute to better understanding and predicting the volumetric behavior of expansive clays for the long-term stability and serviceability evaluation of geotechnical structures.
spp. are important microorganisms that can degrade complex biomasses such as lignocellulose, which is a widespread and renewable natural resource. Co-culturing
spp. and other microorganisms is ...considered to be a promising strategy for utilizing renewable feed stocks and has been widely used in biotechnology to produce bio-fuels and bio-solvents. In this review, we summarize recent progress on the
co-culture system, including system unique advantages, composition, products, and interaction mechanisms. In addition, biochemical regulation and genetic modifications used to improve the
co-culture system are also summarized. Finally, future prospects for
co-culture systems are discussed in light of recent progress, challenges, and trends.
PDF
