Safflower is known as a tolerant plant to abiotic stress factors. This study was conducted to introduce some physiological indices to improve drought-tolerant safflower genotypes for cultivation in ...marginal and arid areas. Six safflower genotypes were studied for two years (2017–2019) in the East Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Centre of Iran under non-stressed and low-water conditions from flowering to seed maturity. The occurrence of water deficits led to a significant decrease in relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance (gs), osmotic adjustment (Oadj), water potential (WP) and agronomic water use efficiency (WUEa) and an increase in the water stress index (CWSI). In addition, the values of these traits differed significantly between the safflower genotypes. The correlations between the physiological traits and seed yield were significant. The regression relationships between seed yield and the above traits showed that CWSI, WP and WUEa had a strong relationship with seed yield under normal (R2 = 0.854, 0.801 and 0.856, respectively) and water deficit conditions (R2 = 0.931, 0.877 and 0.900, respectively). It can be concluded that the CWSI, WP and WUEa indices are able to select high-yielding and drought-tolerant safflower genotypes for the late season. Among the components of seed yield, the number of capitula per plant (r = 0.86) and seeds per capitula (r = 0.92), which were positively and significantly correlated with seed yield, played the main roles in the formation of seed yield. The Golemehr and Mec.295 genotypes achieved higher seed yields under normal (4676 and 4961 kg h−1, respectively) and water deficit conditions (3211 and 3385 kg h−1, respectively) and can be recommended for cultivation in marginal and arid areas.
Two separate farm experiments (split–split plot with randomized complete block design) with three replications were conducted in 2018 and 2019 to determine whether salicylic acid (SA) seed priming or ...foliar spraying protects Indian mustard (
Brassica juncea
L.) plants from the adverse physiological and biochemical effects of clopyralid under drought and well-watered conditions. Three days after treatment, a high dose of clopyralid increased antioxidant enzymes activities, such as catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX), hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
) proline, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and leaf temperature. It decreased leaf pigments (Chlorophyll
a
, Chlorophyll
b
, and Carotenoids) and plants' leaf water content (LWC). The drought had no significant effects on these traits, but the adverse effects of clopyralid were less under drought than under well-watered conditions. SA application, especially seed priming, significantly decreased oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation by lowering catalase and peroxidase activity and H
2
O
2
, proline, and MDA content. SA, particularly seed priming, also increased leaf chlorophyll, carotenoid, and leaf water content compared with clopyralid alone. Improving physiological and biochemical performance due to SA application indicates SA's beneficial impact on clopyralid detoxification.
Cropping systems of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) with faba bean (Vicia faba L.) under different fertility were compared with sole cropping of each crop during 2015 and 2016 at the Research ...Farm of Tabriz University in Iran. The treatments were cropping systems (safflower and faba bean sole croppings, intercropping systems of safflower and faba bean with ratios of 1:1 and 2:1), and nutrient levels (100% chemical fertilizers, 60%, 30% chemical + biofertilizers and no fertilizer). A factorial set of treatments based on a randomized complete block design replicated three times was used. Cropping system and fertility effects were significant for yield and yield components of each crop. Yield and yield components were increased with the integrated use of 60% chemical plus biofertilizers for both years, while seed yield was reduced by intercropping. Maximum land equivalent ratio (LER), relative value total (RVT), system productivity index (SPI) and monetary advantage index (MAI) were achieved in nutritive level of 60% chemical plus biofertilizers as intercropped plants in ratio of 1:1 for both years. The total actual yield loss (AYL) values were positive and greater than zero in all mixtures, indicating an advantage from intercropping over sole crops. Intercropped safflower had a higher relative crowding coefficient (RCC) than intercropped faba bean, indicating that safflower was more competitive than faba bean in intercropping systems. From this study, it is inferred that intercropping (safflower and faba bean) with integrated use of the reduced chemical and biofertilizers may give better overall yield and income than sole cropping of each crop species.
Abstract Background and objective: The present research was done in order to determine the optimum planting date, seed amount and to evaluate the grain and oil yields of spring rapeseed in saline and ...marginal areas around Urmia lake. Materials and Methods: The RGS003 genotype was used for cultivation. The experiment was conducted as split plot based on a RCBD design in three replications with two factors including sowing date (30 March and 9 and 19 April) and seed amount (4, 6, 8 and 10 Kg seeds per hectare). The study was carried out in East Azarbaijan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center (Khosrow Shah Station) during 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons. Results: The results indicated that the green field cover percent, Leaf chlorophyll index, plant height, pods per plant, 1000 seeds weight, grain oil percent and grain and oil yields were decreased significantly by delaying planting date from March 30 to April 19. Also this delay led to a significant decrease in grain and oil yields at all seed amounts. The highest amounts of grain and oil yields achieved from March 30 planting time and 6 Kg seeds per hectare. Correlations among the green field cover percent, Leaf chlorophyll in mid flowering stage with grain and oil yields were significantly positive. These indices had an important role in yield determining. Conclusion: It is concluded that 30 March planting date and 6 Kg.ha-1 seeds amount can be suggested for spring rapeseed cultivation in saline and marginal areas around Urmia Lake and lands with similar climate.
Abstract Background and Objective: The goals of study were to recognize the effects of water deficit on eco-physiological and agronomic responses of safflower and introducing drought tolerant ...genotypes to cultivate in saline and dry lands. Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in the East Azarbaijan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center during two cropping seasons (2017-19). The experimental factors included drought stress as non-stressed and stressed from flowering to maturity and six safflower genotypes including Padideh, Golemehr, Mexico14, Mexico248, Mexico295 and Parnian. Results: Seed and oil yields and yield components of genotypes decreased by drought. Water deficit stress decreased RWC, stomatal conductance and leaf chlorophyll index significantly. Amounts of these characters were significantly different among genotypes. Correlations among studied traits were significant. Stomatal conductance and RWC indicated significant correlations with capitulum number per plant and oil percent. Also RWC indicated significant correlation with seed yield. Correlations among capitulum number per plant and grain number per capitulum with each other and seed oil percent, seed and oil yields, were positive and significant. These yield components had important role in productivity. Conclusion: stomatal conductance and RWC are able to reflect the effects of late season drought stress on safflower and can be used to select drought-tolerant genotypes. Golemehr, Mexico14, Mexico248 and Mexico295 genotypes indicated higher seed and oil yields in both normal and drought conditions and were seen suitable to cultivate in saline areas around Ormieh lake and areas with similar climate.
The present research was done to evaluate the response of seed and oil yields and its components of some rapeseed genotypes at saline areas of Tabriz plain and to select promising lines. The ...experiment was carried out at the Khosroshah Station of East Azarbaijan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center with saline soil (EC of soil and water were 6.7 and 3.2 dS m-1 respectively), during cropping season of 2017-18. The experiment was conducted as randomized complete blocks design with 38 rapeseed genotypes and three replications. Among the genotypes under study significant differences were observed in plant height, seed yield and its components, oil percent, seed and oil yields. The results indicated that WRL-96-01 produced highest silique number per plant (123), seed number per silique (30.3), 1000 seeds weight (3.4 g), seed (3268 kg.ha-1) and oil (1526 kg.ha-1) yields respectively. Comnly used varieties in the area like Okapi and Nima produced lower seed and oil yields under this experiment conditions. Significant and positive correlations were seen among the seed yield and its components, oil yields and also between oil yield with oil percent and seed yield. These results indicate that genotyps under study produced proper seed and oil yields under saline condition. By cluster analysis with ward method, 20 genotypes with higher seed and oil yields, located in one group as promising lines. It seems that these genotypes could be used for future evaluation in saline areas of Tabriz plain and areas with similar climate.
Evaluation of drought effects on some physiological traits relevant to drought tolerance, seed and oil yields, yield components and recognizing tolerant oilseed rape genotypes were the goals of ...research. The experiment was conducted as split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in East Azarbaijan Research and Education Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources during 2015.The experimental factors were drought stress with three levels: non-stressed and drought stress from flowering and pod formation stages and genotype in 5 levels: RGS003, Zafar, Sarigol, Zarfam and Dalgan. Occurring drought from flowering and pod formation stages led to significant increase in leaf temperature and significant decrease in leaf relative water content, stomatal conductance, pods per plant, 1000 seeds weight, seed and oil yields. But the effects of drought from flowering stage were too hard. In case of water resources limitation, irrigation during flowering stage will be more important than pod formation stage. The existence of significantly negative correlation among leaf temperatures and significantly positive correlations among leaf relative water content, stomatal conductance with the pods per plant, 1000 seeds weight, seed and oil yields showed that, these traits can indicate drought effects on spring oilseed rape. Also the existence of significantly positive correlations among the pods per plant and 1000 seeds weight with seed and oil yields, showed that, drought reduced yields via decreasing these components. All of studied genotypes indicated similar performance under non-stressed condition. But under drought conditions, RGS003 indicated higher seed and oil yields.
The main source of seed filling results from the photosynthesis of the green tissue closest to the seed sinks in the capitula. To evaluate the role of different leaf strata and capitula in seed yield ...and its components of Safflower genotypes, a field study was performed as a factorial experiment based on RCBD in 3 replicates in East Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center in 2008. The used factors in this experiment were: two Safflower genotypes including (Mahalli Esfahan and Goldasht) and defoliation in five levels: defoliation of plants in lower 1/3, middle 1/3, upper 1/3 of the stem, capitulum covered with aluminum paper and control (without defoliation). The results showed that defoliation did not affect plant height and number of pods. But, there was a highly significant difference between strata in terms of number of seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant, 1000 seeds weight, oil percentage and oil yield. The interaction of genotype×strata treatments in seeds yield and harvest index was significant. Among the defoliation treatment levels in both genotypes, the highest decrease in the seed yield compared to the control were observed in the upper 1/3 defoliation levels, whereas the lowest decrease was observed in the lower 1/3 defoliation level. The rate of seed yield reduction in Mahalli Esfahan was higher than Goldasht. The change in Goldasht seed yield was mostly due to changes in the number of seeds per plant and the number of seeds in the head. In addition, net photosynthesis, strata leaf area, and photosynthesis contribution of the upper strata compared to the lower ones were higher, and removal of the upper strata had the highest effect on seed yield through the reduction in the total photosynthesis of the whole plant. Also, covering the capitulum caused a significant decrease in the seed yield. So, head photosynthesis has a major contribution to Safflower seed yield.
Forage crops are considered as important components of sustainable farming systems. Legumes have a specific role in farming systems. In order to assess the possibility of growing lupine in Tabriz ...plain, an experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out at the East Azarbaijan Agriculture and Natural Research and Education Center, Iran. Three forage lupins varieties namely Dieta (Lupinus albus), Iris (L. angustifolius) and Pootallong (L. luteus) in this study were evaluated. The results indicated that establishment and survival percentage of varieties under farm condition were significantly different. The intraction effect of variety× days after planting on percentage of establishment among lupine speaces was significantly different. Seedling of Dieta and Iris varieties emerged 6 days after planting, but that of Pootallong could emergent after 9 days. Seedling of Iris and Pootallong varieties dried 27 and 18 days after planting, respectively. The trends of growth and establishment of Dieta variety in the farm was different from the other two varieties. It could achieve the peak emergence after 24 days. Although, Dieta lupine variety, by having 50.1% emergence in the field, was able to grow in the farm and produce seed, but it couldn't express acceptable seed yield and its component. Since the salinity of soil and water used in this experiment were 4580 and 5634 µs/m respectively, growth of these species, specially L. angustifolius and L. luteus (Iris and Pootallong varieties) came across sevrer limitations. More studies are needed to evaluate adaptability and planting time of Dieta cultivar in the region .
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