Introduction
Artificial intelligence (AI) shows immense potential in medicine and Chat generative pretrained transformer (ChatGPT) has been used for different purposes in the field. However, it may ...not match the complexity and nuance of certain medical scenarios. This study evaluates the accuracy of ChatGPT 3.5 and 4 in providing recommendations regarding the management of postprostatectomy urinary incontinence (PPUI), considering The Incontinence After Prostate Treatment: AUA/SUFU Guideline as the best practice benchmark.
Materials and Methods
A set of questions based on the AUA/SUFU Guideline was prepared. Queries included 10 conceptual questions and 10 case‐based questions. All questions were open and entered into the ChatGPT with a recommendation to limit the answer to 200 words, for greater objectivity. Responses were graded as correct (1 point); partially correct (0.5 point), or incorrect (0 point). Performances of versions 3.5 and 4 of ChatGPT were analyzed overall and separately for the conceptual and the case‐based questions.
Results
ChatGPT 3.5 scored 11.5 out of 20 points (57.5% accuracy), while ChatGPT 4 scored 18 (90.0%; p = 0.031). In the conceptual questions, ChatGPT 3.5 provided accurate answers to six questions along with one partially correct response and three incorrect answers, with a final score of 6.5. In contrast, ChatGPT 4 provided correct answers to eight questions and partially correct answers to two questions, scoring 9.0. In the case‐based questions, ChatGPT 3.5 scored 5.0, while ChatGPT 4 scored 9.0. The domains where ChatGPT performed worst were evaluation, treatment options, surgical complications, and special situations.
Conclusion
ChatGPT 4 demonstrated superior performance compared to ChatGPT 3.5 in providing recommendations for the management of PPUI, using the AUA/SUFU Guideline as a benchmark. Continuous monitoring is essential for evaluating the development and precision of AI‐generated medical information.
The bite of spiders belonging to the genus Loxosceles can induce a variety of clinical symptoms, including dermonecrosis, thrombosis, vascular leakage, haemolysis, and persistent inflammation. In ...order to examine the transcripts expressed in venom gland of Loxosceles laeta spider and to unveil the potential of its products on cellular structure and functional aspects, we generated 3,008 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from a cDNA library.
All ESTs were clustered into 1,357 clusters, of which 16.4% of the total ESTs belong to recognized toxin-coding sequences, being the Sphingomyelinases D the most abundant transcript; 14.5% include "possible toxins", whose transcripts correspond to metalloproteinases, serinoproteinases, hyaluronidases, lipases, C-lectins, cystein peptidases and inhibitors. Thirty three percent of the ESTs are similar to cellular transcripts, being the major part represented by molecules involved in gene and protein expression, reflecting the specialization of this tissue for protein synthesis. In addition, a considerable number of sequences, 25%, has no significant similarity to any known sequence.
This study provides a first global view of the gene expression scenario of the venom gland of L. laeta described so far, indicating the molecular bases of its venom composition.
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•Homogeneous dispersion of triamcinolone acetonide into chitosan membranes is not possible.•Supramolecular aggregates with cyclodextrins and co-solvent improve drug-loading in ...membranes.•The type of cyclodextrin and co-solvent concentration affect the membrane performance.•A novel drug delivery device for topical application triamcinolone.
In this study, the ability of different beta-cyclodextrins to facilitate homogeneous dispersion of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) into chitosan membranes is assessed. Drug loading was assessed through atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (MEV-FEG), and X-ray diffraction analyses. Drug interactions with the co-polymer were investigated with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal analyses. Swelling assay, and in vitro drug release experiment were used to assess TA release behavior. Undispersed particles of drug were observed to remain in the simple chitosan membranes. Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin enabled the dispersion of TA into chitosan membranes and subsequent sustained drug release. In addition, the membrane performance as a drug delivery device is improved by adding specified amounts of the co-solvent triethanolamine. The experimental data presented in this study confirm the utility of our novel and alternative approach for obtaining a promising device for slow and controlled release of glucocorticoids, such as triamcinolone acetonide, for topical ulcerations.
is able to switch from yeast to hyphal growth and this is an essential step for tissue invasion and establishment of infection. Due to the limited drug arsenal used to treat fungal infections and the ...constant emergence of resistant strains, it is important to search for new therapeutic candidates. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate by proteomic analysis the role of a natural product (
) in impairing hypha formation in
. We also tested the potential action of
to prevent and treat oral candidiasis induced in a murine model of oral infection and the ability of polymorphonuclear neutrophils to phagocytize
cells treated with the ethyl acetate fraction of the extract. We found that this fraction greatly reduced hypha formation after morphogenesis induction in the presence of serum. Besides, several proteins were differentially expressed in cells treated with the fraction. Surprisingly, the ethyl acetate fraction significantly reduced phagocytosis in
(Mean 120.36 ± 36.71 yeasts/100 PMNs vs. 44.68 ± 19.84 yeasts/100 PMNs). Oral candidiasis was attenuated when
cells were either pre-incubated in the presence of
or when the fraction was applied to the surface of the oral cavity after infection. These results were consistent with the reduction in CFU counts (2.36 vs. 1.85 Log10 CFU/ml) and attenuation of tissue damage observed with histopathological analysis of animals belonging to treated group. We also observed shorter true hyphae by direct examination and histopathological analysis, when cells were treated with the referred natural product. The
ethyl acetate fraction was non-toxic to human cells.
may act on essential proteins mainly related to cellular structure, reducing the capacity of filamentation and attenuating infection in a murine model, without causing any toxic effect on human cells, suggesting that it may be a future therapeutic alternative for the treatment of
infections.
The scorpion Tityus stigmurus is widely distributed in Northeastern Brazil and known to cause severe human envenoming, inducing pain, hyposthesia, edema, erythema, paresthesia, headaches and ...vomiting. The present study uses a transcriptomic approach to characterize the gene expression profile from the non-stimulated venom gland of Tityus stigmurus scorpion.
A cDNA library was constructed and 540 clones were sequenced and grouped into 153 clusters, with one or more ESTs (expressed sequence tags). Forty-one percent of ESTs belong to recognized toxin-coding sequences, with transcripts encoding antimicrobial toxins (AMP-like) being the most abundant, followed by alfa KTx- like, beta KTx-like, beta NaTx-like and alfa NaTx-like. Our analysis indicated that 34% of the transcripts encode "other possible venom molecules", which correspond to anionic peptides, hypothetical secreted peptides, metalloproteinases, cystein-rich peptides and lectins. Fifteen percent of ESTs are similar to cellular transcripts. Sequences without good matches corresponded to 11%.
This investigation provides the first global view of gene expression of the venom gland from Tityus stigmurus under resting conditions. This approach enables characterization of a large number of venom gland component molecules, which belong either to known or non yet described types of venom peptides and proteins from the Buthidae family.
Sphingomyelinase D (SMase D) present in the venoms of
Loxosceles spiders is the principal component responsible for local and systemic effects observed in the loxoscelism. By using “expressed ...sequencing tag”, it was possible to identify, in a
L. laeta venom gland library, clones containing inserts coding for proteins with similarity to SMase D. One of these clones was expressed and the recombinant protein compared with the previously characterized SMase I from
L. laeta, in terms of their biological, biochemical and structural properties. The new recombinant protein, SMase II, possesses all the biological properties ascribed to the whole venom and SMase I. SMase II shares 40% and 77% sequence similarity with SMase I and Lb3, respectively; the latter, a SMase D isoform from
L. boneti, catalytically inactive. Molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulations were employed to understand the structural basis, especially the presence of an additional disulfide bridge, in an attempt to account for the observed differences in SMases D activity.
The bite of spiders of the genus
Loxosceles can induce a variety of biological effects, including dermonecrosis and complement-dependent haemolysis. The aim of this study was to generate recombinant ...proteins from the
Loxosceles spider gland to facilitate structural and functional studies in the mechanisms of loxoscelism. Using “Expressed Sequencing Tag” strategy of aleatory clones from,
L. laeta venom gland cDNA library we have identified clones containing inserts coding for proteins with significant similarity with previously obtained N-terminus of sphingomyelinases from
Loxosceles intermedia venom
1. Clone H17 was expressed as a fusion protein containing a 6× His-tag at its N-terminus and yielded a 33
kDa protein. The recombinant protein was endowed with all biological properties ascribed to the whole
L. laeta venom and sphingomyelinases from
L. intermedia, including dermonecrotic and complement-dependent haemolytic activities. Antiserum raised against the recombinant protein recognised a 32-kDa protein in crude
L. laeta venom and was able to block the dermonecrotic reaction caused by whole
L. laeta venom. This study demonstrates conclusively that the sphingomyelinase activity in the whole venom is responsible for the major pathological effects of
Loxosceles spider envenomation.
The Gauche Effect in XCH2CH2X Revisited Rodrigues Silva, Daniela; Azevedo Santos, Lucas; Hamlin, Trevor A. ...
Chemphyschem,
April 7, 2021, Letnik:
22, Številka:
7
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
We have quantum chemically investigated the rotational isomerism of 1,2‐dihaloethanes XCH2CH2X (X = F, Cl, Br, I) at ZORA‐BP86‐D3(BJ)/QZ4P. Our Kohn‐Sham molecular orbital (KS‐MO) analyses reveal ...that hyperconjugative orbital interactions favor the gauche conformation in all cases (X = F−I), not only for X = F as in the current model of this so‐called gauche effect. We show that, instead, it is the interplay of hyperconjugation with Pauli repulsion between lone‐pair‐type orbitals on the halogen substituents that constitutes the causal mechanism for the gauche effect. Thus, only in the case of the relatively small fluorine atoms, steric Pauli repulsion is too weak to overrule the gauche preference of the hyperconjugative orbital interactions. For the larger halogens, X⋅⋅⋅X steric Pauli repulsion becomes sufficiently destabilizing to shift the energetic preference from gauche to anti, despite the opposite preference of hyperconjugation.
Beyond hyperconjugation! State‐of‐the‐art quantum chemical analyses reveal that, in 1,2‐dihaloethanes, hyperconjugation always favors the gauche conformation. It is the steric (Pauli) repulsion that is behind the trend known as the gauche effect: weak repulsion (X = F) leaves the gauche preference intact, whereas stronger repulsion (X = Cl, Br, I) shifts the preference to anti.
•Women with PFP have lower maximal strength and RTD of the knee flexors and extensors.•Deficits in the knee flexors are related to poor objective, but not subjective, function.•Deficits in the knee ...extensors are not related to objective or subjective function.
Deficits in knee flexor strength and rate of torque development (RTD) might be present in women with patellofemoral pain (PFP). In addition, maximal strength and RTD of the knee flexors and extensors might be related with subjective and objective function in women with PFP. However, both conjectures are still poorly understood.
Do women with PFP have deficits in the maximal strength and RTD of the knee flexors and extensors during isometric, concentric, and eccentric contractions? Is there a relationship between maximal strength and RTD of the knee flexors and extensors with subjective and objective function in women with PFP?
Fifty-six women with, and 46 women without, PFP participated. Maximal strength and RTD (to 30% and 60% maximal torque) during isometric, concentric, and eccentric contractions of the knee flexors and extensors were assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer. Objective assessment included single leg hop test (SLHT) and forward step-down test (FSDT). Subjective assessment involved the anterior knee pain scale.
Women with PFP had small to large deficits in maximal strength and RTD of the knee flexors and extensors during isometric, concentric and eccentric contractions (Effect sizes: -0.43 to -1.10; p ≤ 0.016). Small to moderate correlations of maximal concentric and eccentric knee flexor strength and RTD with SLHT and FSDT (r = 0.28 to 0.41; p ≤ 0.037) were identified. Subjective or objective function were not correlated with maximal isometric knee flexor strength and RTD, or any knee extensor measures (p > 0.05).
Maximal strength and RTD deficits of the knee flexors and extensors were identified in this female PFP cohort, but they were unrelated to subjective function. The relationship of concentric and eccentric knee flexor strength and RTD deficits with poor objective function should be considered in future exercise trials for women with PFP.
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