The seasonal climate drivers of the carbon cycle in tropical forests remain poorly known, although these forests account for more carbon assimilation and storage than any other terrestrial ecosystem. ...Based on a unique combination of seasonal pan-tropical data sets from 89 experimental sites (68 include aboveground wood productivity measurements and 35 litter productivity measurements), their associate canopy photosynthetic capacity (enhanced vegetation index, EVI) and climate, we ask how carbon assimilation and aboveground allocation are related to climate seasonality in tropical forests and how they interact in the seasonal carbon cycle. We found that canopy photosynthetic capacity seasonality responds positively to precipitation when rainfall is < 2000 mm.yr.sup.−1 (water-limited forests) and to radiation otherwise (light-limited forests); on the other hand, independent of climate limitations, wood productivity and litterfall are driven by seasonal variation in precipitation and evapotranspiration respectively. Consequently, light-limited forests present an asynchronism between canopy photosynthetic capacity and wood productivity. Precipitation first-order control indicates an overall decrease in tropical forest productivity in a drier climate.
Carbon isotopic composition (δ
13C) of Brazilian brandies was used to determine the contribution of sugar from C3 or C4 plants to their ethanol content. C3 plants have an average δ
13C value of −27‰, ...against an average value of −12‰ for C4 plants. This difference is large enough to permit determination of the origin of the ethanol fermented from plants. There are two types of brandy in Brazil: one called “conhaque-de-gengibre”, where ethanol from any plant can be used, and another called “brandy”, where only ethanol from grapes can be used. The less expensive brandies, classified as “conhaque de gengibre”, have their ethanol content derived exclusively from sugar-cane (average δ
13C equal to −12.9‰), while in the Brazilian brandies it was a mixture of sugar-cane and grapes (average δ
13C equal to −18.0‰). In Brazilian “brandies” there was an inverse relationship between its price and the carbon isotopic composition, indicating that higher prices is associated to larger proportions of ethanol from grapes.
Os parâmetros: volume de esgoto gerado, volume de esgoto tratado, cargas poluidoras domiciliar potencial e remanescente, cargas equivalentes de carbono e nitrogênio foram estimados neste estudo a ...partir dos dados populacionais do censo 2000 do IBGE para todos os municípios do Estado de São Paulo bem como as bacias hidrográficas dos rios Piracicaba, Mogi-Guaçu, Turvo, Peixe, Aguapeí, São José dos Dourados, Itapetininga, Apiaí, Taquari e Paranapanema,. Para essas estimativas foram levados em consideração o nível de atendimento das populações pela existência de redes coletoras de esgoto e a existência ou não de algum tipo de tratamento de esgoto em cada município do Estado. Todas essas estimativas encontram-se disponíveis em www.cena.usp.br/biota. Apesar da preocupação histórica do Governo Paulista com saneamento básico, somente 17% do esgoto gerado no Estado sofre algum tipo de tratamento prévio. Portanto, a carga domiciliar remanescente é extremamente elevada. Esse aporte extra de matéria orgânica causa mudanças profundas nos corpos hídricos receptores. Dentre as bacias hidrográficas acima citadas, a bacia do rio Piracicaba é a mais severamente afetada por despejos de esgoto doméstico, seguida pelas bacias dos rios Mogi e Turvo. Por outro lado, as bacias do Alto Paranapanema (Itapeteninga, Apiaí, Taquari e Paranapanema) são as menos afetadas.
Based on population data provided by the 2000 IBGE census, the volume of domestic sewage, the volume of treated sewage, the potential and remnant domestic sewage loads and the equivalent carbon and nitrogen loads were estimated for each one of the 645 counties of the São Paulo State and for the catchments of the rivers Piracicaba, Mogi-Guaçu, Turvo, Peixe, Aguapeí, São José dos Dourados, Itapetininga, Apiaí, Taquari, and Paranapanema. In order to estimate these parameters the existence of sewage collecting system, and the existence of any kind of sewage treatment in each county of the State were taken into account. The database generated in this study may be found at www.cena.usp.br/biota. Despite of the historical attempts of the São Paulo State government in treating sewage, only 17% of the sewage volume produced in the State has some type of treatment before it is launched to rivers. Consequently, the load of untreated sewage is indeed very large. This input of extra organic matter causes severe alterations in water bodies. Among the catchments we have analyzed the Piracicaba River basin is the most affected by domestic sewage, followed by Mogi-Guaçu and Turvo basins. On the other hand, the basins of the rivers Itapeteninga, Apiaí, Taquari and Paranapanema are the least affected.
Os parâmetros: volume de esgoto gerado, volume de esgoto tratado, cargas poluidoras domiciliar potencial e remanescente, cargas equivalentes de carbono e nitrogênio foram estimados neste estudo a ...partir dos dados populacionais do censo 2000 do IBGE para todos os municípios do Estado de São Paulo bem como as bacias hidrográficas dos rios Piracicaba, Mogi-Guaçu, Turvo, Peixe, Aguapeí, São José dos Dourados, Itapetininga, Apiaí, Taquari e Paranapanema,. Para essas estimativas foram levados em consideração o nível de atendimento das populações pela existência de redes coletoras de esgoto e a existência ou não de algum tipo de tratamento de esgoto em cada município do Estado. Todas essas estimativas encontram-se disponíveis em www.cena.usp.br/biota. Apesar da preocupação histórica do Governo Paulista com saneamento básico, somente 17% do esgoto gerado no Estado sofre algum tipo de tratamento prévio. Portanto, a carga domiciliar remanescente é extremamente elevada. Esse aporte extra de matéria orgânica causa mudanças profundas nos corpos hídricos receptores. Dentre as bacias hidrográficas acima citadas, a bacia do rio Piracicaba é a mais severamente afetada por despejos de esgoto doméstico, seguida pelas bacias dos rios Mogi e Turvo. Por outro lado, as bacias do Alto Paranapanema (Itapeteninga, Apiaí, Taquari e Paranapanema) são as menos afetadas.
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