Objective The study objective was to compare the outcomes of intraoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation versus cardiopulmonary bypass support in lung transplantation. Methods We performed a ...retrospective cohort study from a prospective database of adult lung transplantations performed at the University of Toronto from 2007 to 2013. Among 673 lung transplantations performed in the study period, 267 (39.7%) required cardiopulmonary support. There were 39 cases of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (2012-2013) and 228 cases of cardiopulmonary bypass (2007-2013). Patients who were bridged with extracorporeal life support, underwent a concomitant cardiac procedure, received a combined liver or heart transplant, were colonized with Burkholderia cenocepacia , or required emergency cannulation for cardiopulmonary support were excluded. Finally, 33 extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cases were matched with 66 cases of cardiopulmonary bypass according to age (±10 years), lung transplantation indication, and procedure type (bilateral vs single lung transplantation). Results Recipient factors such as body mass index and gender were not different between extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and cardiopulmonary bypass groups. Furthermore, donor variables were similar, including age, body mass index, last PaO2/FiO2 ratio, smoking history, positive airway cultures, and donor type (brain death and donation after cardiac death). Early outcomes, such as mechanical ventilation requirement, length of intensive care unit stay, and length of hospital stay, significantly favored extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (median 3 vs 7.5 days, P = .005; 5 vs 9.5 days, P = .026; 19 vs 27 days, P = .029, respectively). Perioperative blood product transfusion requirement was lower in the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation group. The 90-day mortality for the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation group was 6% versus 15% for cardiopulmonary bypass ( P = .32). Conclusions Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation may be considered as the first choice of intraoperative cardiorespiratory support for lung transplantation.
Experience with the first 50 ex vivo lung perfusions in clinical transplantation Cypel, Marcelo, MD, MSc; Yeung, Jonathan C., MD, PhD; Machuca, Tiago, MD ...
Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery/The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery/The journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery,
11/2012, Letnik:
144, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Objective Normothermic ex vivo lung perfusion is a novel method to evaluate and improve the function of injured donor lungs. We reviewed our experience with 50 consecutive transplants after ex vivo ...lung perfusion. Methods A retrospective study using prospectively collected data was performed. High-risk brain death donor lungs (defined as Pa o2 /F io2 <300 mm Hg or lungs with radiographic or clinical findings of pulmonary edema) and lungs from cardiac death donors were subjected to 4 to 6 hours of ex vivo lung perfusion. Lungs that achieved stable airway and vascular pressures and Pa o2 /F io2 greater than 400 mm Hg during ex vivo lung perfusion were transplanted. The primary end point was the incidence of primary graft dysfunction grade 3 at 72 hours after transplantation. End points were compared with lung transplants not treated with ex vivo lung perfusion (controls). Results A total of 317 lung transplants were performed during the study period (39 months). Fifty-eight ex vivo lung perfusion procedures were performed, resulting in 50 transplants (86% use). Of these, 22 were from cardiac death donors and 28 were from brain death donors. The mean donor Pa o2 /F io2 was 334 mm Hg in the ex vivo lung perfusion group and 452 mm Hg in the control group ( P = .0001). The incidence of primary graft dysfunction grade 3 at 72 hours was 2% in the ex vivo lung perfusion group and 8.5% in the control group ( P = .14). One patient (2%) in the ex vivo lung perfusion group and 7 patients (2.7%) in the control group required extracorporeal lung support for primary graft dysfunction ( P = 1.00). The median time to extubation, intensive care unit stay, and hospital length of stay were 2, 4, and 20 days, respectively, in the ex vivo lung perfusion group and 2, 4, and 23 days, respectively, in the control group ( P > .05). Thirty-day mortality (4% in the ex vivo lung perfusion group and 3.5% in the control group, P = 1.00) and 1-year survival (87% in the ex vivo lung perfusion group and 86% in the control group, P = 1.00) were similar in both groups. Conclusions Transplantation of high-risk donor lungs after 4 to 6 hours of ex vivo lung perfusion is safe, and outcomes are similar to those of conventional transplants. Ex vivo lung perfusion improved our center use of donor lungs, accounting for 20% of our current lung transplant activity.
Cost-effectiveness of mediastinal lymph node staging in non–small cell lung cancer Czarnecka-Kujawa, Katarzyna, MD, FRCPC, MPH; Rochau, Ursula, MD, MSc; Siebert, Uwe, MD, MSc, MPH ...
Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery/The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery/The journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery,
06/2017, Letnik:
153, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Abstract Objective To assess the cost-effectiveness of various modes of mediastinal staging in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in a single-payer health care system. Methods We performed a decision ...analysis to compare the health outcomes and costs of 4 mediastinal staging strategies: no invasive staging, endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA), mediastinoscopy, and EBUS-TBNA followed by mediastinoscopy if EBUS-TBNA is negative. We determined incremental cost effectiveness ratios (ICER) for all strategies and performed comprehensive deterministic sensitivity analyses using a willingness to pay threshold of $80,000/quality adjusted life year (QALY). Results Under the base-case scenario, the no invasive mediastinal staging strategy was least effective (QALY, 5.80) and least expensive ($11,863), followed by mediastinoscopy, EBUS-TBNA, and EBUS-TBNA followed by mediastinoscopy with 5.86, 5.87, and 5.88 QALYs, respectively. The ICER was ∼$26,000/QALY for EBUS-TBNA staging and ∼$1,400,000/QALY for EBUS-TBNA followed by mediastinoscopy. The mediastinoscopy strategy was dominated. Once pN2 exceeds 2.5%, EBUS-TBNA staging is cost-effective (∼$80,000/QALY). Once the pN2 reaches 57%, EBUS-TBNA followed by mediastinoscopy is cost-effective (ICER ∼$79,000/QALY). Once EBUS-TBNA sensitivity exceeds 25%, EBUS-TBNA staging is cost-effective (ICER ∼$79,000/QALY). Once pN2 exceeds 25%, confirmatory mediastinoscopy should be added, in cases of EBUS-TBNA sensitivity ≤ 60%. Conclusions Invasive mediastinal staging in NSCLC is unlikely to be cost-effective in clinical N0 patients if pN2 <2.5%. In patients with probability of mediastinal metastasis between 2.5% and 57% EBUS-TBNA is cost-effective as the only staging modality. Confirmatory mediastinoscopy should be considered in high-risk patients (pN2 > 57%) in case of negative EBUS-TBNA.
Objective The study objective was to compare endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) with mediastinoscopy for mediastinal lymph node staging of potentially ...resectable non–small cell lung cancer. Methods Patients with confirmed or suspected non–small cell lung cancer who required mediastinoscopy to determine suitability for lung cancer resection were entered into the trial. All patients underwent EBUS-TBNA followed by mediastinoscopy under general anesthesia. If both were negative for N2 or N3 disease, the patient underwent pulmonary resection and mediastinal lymphadenectomy. Results Between July 2006 and August 2010, 190 patients were registered in the study, 159 enrolled, and 153 were eligible for analysis. EBUS-TBNA and mediastinoscopy sampled an average of 3 and 4 lymph node stations per patient, respectively. The mean short axis of the lymph node biopsied by EBUS-TBNA was 6.9 ± 2.9 mm. The prevalence of N2/N3 disease was 35% (53/153). There was excellent agreement between EBUS-TBNA and mediastinoscopy for mediastinal staging in 136 patients (91%; Kappa, 0.8; 95% confidence interval, 0.7–0.9). Specificity and positive predictive value for both techniques were 100%. The sensitivity, negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy for mediastinal lymph node staging for EBUS-TBNA and mediastinoscopy were 81%, 91%, 93%, and 79%, 90%, 93%, respectively. No significant differences were found between EBUS-TBNA and mediastinoscopy in determining the true pathologic N stage (McNemar’s test, P = .78). There were no complications from EBUS-TBNA. Minor complications from mediastinoscopy were observed in 4 patients (2.6%). Conclusions EBUS-TBNA and mediastinoscopy achieve similar results for the mediastinal staging of lung cancer. As performed in this study, EBUS-TBNA can replace mediastinoscopy in patients with potentially resectable non–small cell lung cancer.
Objectives A minimal-dose computed tomography scan of the thorax (MnDCT) delivers a radiation dose comparable with a chest x-ray (CXR). We hypothesized that in patients with completely resected lung ...cancer, surveillance with MnDCT, when compared with CXR, leads to earlier detection and a higher rate of treatment of new or recurrent lung cancer. Methods After lung cancer resection, patients prospectively were enrolled for surveillance with MnDCT and CXR at 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 60 months. Images were interpreted by different blinded radiologists. When new or recurrent cancer was suspected, standard-dose CT and/or a tissue biopsy were performed for confirmation. Results Between 2007 and 2012, 271 patients were included and 1137 pairs of CXR and MnDCT were analyzed. MnDCT was more sensitive (94% vs 21%; P < .0001) and had a higher negative predictive value (99% vs 96%; P = .007) than CXR for the diagnosis of new or recurrent lung cancer. The prevalence of new or recurrent lung cancer was 23.2% (63 of 271), of whom 78% (49 of 63) had asymptomatic disease. The majority of asymptomatic patients (75%; 37 of 49) were treated with curative intent and had a median survival of 69 months. The remainder of patients received palliative treatment (24%; 12 of 49) and had a median survival of 25 months ( P < .0001). Conclusions After curative resection of lung cancer, MnDCT is superior to CXR for the detection of new or recurrent lung cancer. The majority of new or recurrent cancer was detected by MnDCT at an asymptomatic phase, allowing for curative treatment, leading to a long survival.
Objectives We and others have reported the early experience with off-label use of thoracic aortic endografts to facilitate the resection of tumors infiltrating the aorta. We describe our extended ...experience and long-term outcome using this innovative approach. Methods Patients with preoperative suspected thoracic aortic infiltration who underwent endografting followed by en bloc tumor resection including the aortic wall were retrospectively reviewed and data were analyzed. Results Between 2008 and 2012, 5 patients (4 female) with a median age of 52 years (34-63 years) were included. Tumors infiltrating the aorta were non–small cell lung carcinomas (n = 3) and sarcomas (n = 2). Both patients with sarcoma had neoadjuvant radiation, whereas patients with non–small cell lung carcinomas had neoadjuvant (n = 2) or adjuvant chemoradiation (n = 1). Aortic endografting was performed 1 to 17 days before resection of the tumor. The proximal end of the stent-graft was deployed in the aortic arch (n = 2) or the descending aorta (n = 3). The tumor was resected en bloc in all patients and combined with chest wall and 2 to 3 levels of spinal resection in 4 of the 5 patients. Two patients with full-thickness aortic wall resection had additional buttressing of the defect. Cardiopulmonary bypass was never required. One patient had an empyema requiring debridements and thoracic window. After a median follow-up of 39 months (range, 9-62 months), all patients were alive and disease-free. None of them had overt endograft-related complications. Conclusions Thoracic aortic endografting allowed safe en bloc resection of tumors invading the aortic wall. Therefore, the indication for thoracic aortic endografts could be extended to specific oncologic cases.
Abstract Objectives To determine the prevalence of delayed postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients undergoing oncologic lung resections, despite adherence to current in-hospital VTE ...prophylaxis guidelines. Methods Patients undergoing lung resection for malignancy in 2 tertiary-care centers were recruited between June 2013 and December 2014. All patients received guideline-based VTE prophylaxis until hospital discharge. Patients underwent computed tomography chest angiography with pulmonary embolism (PE) protocol and bilateral lower extremity venous Doppler ultrasonography at 30 ± 5 days after surgery to determine the incidence of postoperative VTE. Univariate analysis was used to compare the VTE and non-VTE groups. Results A total of 157 patients were included, 45.9% were men with a mean age of 66.7 years. VTE prevalence was 12.1% with a total of 19 VTE events, including 14 PEs (8.9%), 3 deep venous thromboses (DVTs) (1.9%), 1 combined PE/DVT, and 1 massive left atrial thrombus originating from the pulmonary vein stump after pulmonary lobectomy. PE events occurred in the operated lung 64% of the time and 4 patients (21.1%) were symptomatic at diagnosis. The 30-day mortality rate of VTE events was 5.2%, with 1 patient who died secondary to massive in situ ipsilateral PE following readmission to the hospital. Univariate analysis did not demonstrate significant differences between the VTE and non-VTE populations with regard to baseline characteristics. Conclusions Despite adherence to in-hospital standard prophylaxis guidelines, VTE events are frequent, often asymptomatic, and with associated significant morbidity and mortality. More research into the potential role of predischarge screening and extended prophylaxis is warranted.
Objective Optimal management of stage IIIA-N2 non–small cell lung cancer remains controversial. The surgical arm of the North American Intergroup 0139 trial was adopted as the standard treatment for ...patients with resectable N2 disease at the University Health Network. Results after 7 years of experience are reported. Methods This is a retrospective study of consecutive patients with biopsy-proved T1-3 N2 M0 lung cancer who underwent induction chemoradiation before surgical intervention from January 1997 through August 2004. Induction chemotherapy consisted of cisplatin, 50 mg/m2 , on days 1 and 8; etoposide, 50 mg/m2 , on days 1 to 5, weeks 1 and 5; and concurrent daily external beam radiotherapy to 45 Gy. Lung resection was performed within 6 weeks of completion of chemoradiation, followed by 2 further cycles of consolidation chemotherapy. Results Between January 1997 and August 2004, 40 patients were treated according to this protocol (25% T1, 62.5% T2, 7.5% T3, and 5% T4). Overall and disease-free median survivals were 40 and 37.1 months, respectively, whereas overall and disease-free 3-year survivals were 51.7% and 52.3%, respectively. R0 resection was achieved in 92.5%. The overall operative mortality rate was 7.5% (0% for lobectomy and 27% for pneumonectomy). Notably, all mortalities occurred within the first 2 years of our experience with this regimen. Conclusion Chemoradiation before pulmonary resection in carefully selected patients with surgically resectable stage IIIA (N2) non–small cell lung cancer can lead to improved overall and disease-free survival.
Unexpected lung cancer is sometimes found in explanted lungs. The objective of this study was to review these patients and their outcomes to better understand and optimize management protocols for ...lung transplant candidates with pulmonary nodules. Retrospective analysis of pretransplant imaging and clinicopathologic characteristics of patients who were found to have lung cancer in their explanted lungs was performed. From January 2003 to December 2012, 13 of 853 lung transplant recipients were found to have unexpected lung cancer in their explanted lung (1.52%). Of them, 9 cases were for interstitial lung disease (2.8%; 9/321 recipients) and 4 cases were for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (1.57%; 4/255 recipients). The median period between computed tomographic scan and lung transplantation was 2.40 months (range: 0.5-19.2). On computed tomographic scan, only 3 cases were shown to possibly have a neoplasm by the radiologist. The staging of these lung cancers was as follows: 3 cases of IA, 1 case of IB, 5 cases of IIA, 1 case of IIIA, and 3 cases of IV. Of 13 cases, 9 died owing to cancer progression. On the contrary, only 1 stage I case with small cell lung cancer showed cancer recurrence. The median survival time was 339 days, and the 3-year survival rate was 11.0%. In conclusion, most of the patients with unexpected lung cancer showed poor prognosis except for the early-stage disease. The establishment of proper protocol for management of such nodules is important to improve the management of candidates who are found to have pulmonary nodules on imaging.
Cytokine analysis of the donor lung shows significant promise as a strategy to biologically evaluate the organ before transplantation. This study compared gene expression levels of inflammatory ...cytokines between clinically rejected and transplanted donor lungs.
Lung tissue biopsy specimens were taken from 17 clinically unsuitable lungs and 24 transplanted donor lungs before cold flush perfusion preservation. Expression levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-1β messenger (m)RNA were measured in a blinded fashion by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Prospectively collected clinical data were analyzed retrospectively and compared with cytokine expression results. The primary end point was to examine the difference of expression levels of these cytokines between rejected donor lungs and lungs used for transplantation.
The ratio of partial pressure of oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen, time on ventilation, infiltrates on chest X-ray images, and abnormal bronchoscopic findings for donors were statistically different between rejected and transplanted donor lungs. Comparison of gene expression levels showed that clinically rejected lungs had significantly higher levels of IL-1β and TNF-α than the lungs used for transplantation. Hierarchic clustering with IL-1β and TNF-α showed that 4 clinically unsuitable donor lungs had very low levels of these 2 cytokines.
Levels of IL-1β and TNF-α are significantly higher in donor lungs rejected for transplantation using clinical criteria. However, a sub-set of non-used lungs had low levels of IL-1β and TNF-α and thus could potentially have been used for transplantation. In the near future, these markers could be used to assist in the lung donor selection process and to monitor organ reparative strategies.
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