Abstract Objective To determine the effect of an educational program based on the PRECEDE model to improve sexual function among women with hysterectomy. Methods The present randomized trial, ...conducted in Iran during 2014, included 48 women with hysterectomy who were selected through convenience sampling and randomly divided into two equal groups. Women in the experimental group received an educational program based on constructs of the PRECEDE model. The control group received only routine interventions. Before the interventions, the women completed two questionnaires: one that measured the PRECEDE model constructs and the Rosen Female Sexual Function Index. The questionnaires were repeated 4 weeks after the intervention and the results were compared within and between groups. Results In each group, a significant improvement in sexual function was demonstrated after the intervention ( P < 0.001). The mean sexual function score increased to a greater extent in the experimental group (difference 16.95 ± 6.33) than in the control group (difference 4.35 ± 1.94; P < 0.001). Conclusion The findings confirm the effectiveness of an educational program based on the PRECEDE model in terms of improving sexual function among women with hysterectomy. Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials: IRCT2014122220401N1
Background: Sexuality education is one of the most important educational needs for adolescents. Parents play a significant role in shaping sexuality health in adolescents. There is little evidence in ...Iran about sexuality education for empowering adolescences. Objectives: This study aimed at developing, implementing, and evaluating a training program for mothers to educate sexuality matters to their adolescent girls in Mahshahr, Iran. Materials and Methods: This field trial was conducted among 140 mothers with 12- to 18-year-old adolescent girls in Mahshahr. The multi-stratified sampling method was performed for determining the study participants. Data was collected by using “Parent-Child Relationship: Mother” and “Knowledge and Attitude About Sexuality Education to Adolescents” questionnaires. Based on the baseline results, an educational intervention for mothers was designed and implemented. Data were collected, analyzed, and compared before and three months after the intervention implementation. Means and standard deviations were calculated, and statistical analysis was performed using a paired t-test. A confidence interval of 95% with significance at P < 0.05 was used. Results: Compared with the pre-intervention phase, mothers’ awareness of sexual issues significantly increased from 30.00 to 36.50 (P < 0.001). While the mean score of attitudes towards sexuality education significantly increased from 46.65 to 48.57 (P < 0.001), no significant difference was observed between mothers’ communication skills before and after the educational intervention (P = 0.98). Conclusions: The designed educational program was an effective tool to improve the knowledge and attitudes toward sexuality matters in mothers. Thus, continuous and regular programs are required to improve communication skills in mothers.
Introduction: Nutritional literacy is skills and the degree capacity of privates to obtain, process and understand nutrition information to make good decisions about nutrition. The use of this ...information and nutritional services leads to health promotion. This study examined the status of nutritional literacy in elementary school teachers in Yasuj and its related factors. Methods: In this Cross-Sectional study, a questionnaire of 35 items belonging to Turkey was used. After translation-retranslation and determine its validity for assessing nutritional literacy, it is used in 110 persons of elementary school teachers in Yasuj. The samples were selected by multistage stratified sampling and questionnaire was completed for them. The data were analyzed by using descriptive and analytical statistics. Findings: The average age of participants was 39.48±3.2. The results showed that the mean score of nutrition literacy for participants was 27.14± 3.2. 22.7 percent of teachers had limited or poor nutrition literacy. Teachers with less work experience and bachelor's and higher degree had more nutritional literacy scores. The least number of correct answers was related skills of food centers determination, computing skills and reading of food labels. Conclusions: Overall, according to the level of nutritional literacy in different parts of the group of teachers, it should be considered the designing of interventions to improve nutrition literacy. Because of its uniqueness in Iran, this questionnaire can be used as needs assessment tool in nutritional interventions in Iranian society.
Cervical cancer is the fourth common cancer among women worldwide. Pap smear screening has resulted in deceasing incidence of cervical cancer in developed countries but low uptake of Pap smear ...screening among women in developing countries is still a public health challenge. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess the relationship between self-efficacy and timely uptake of Pap smear among Iranian women. A total of 580 married women referred to primary health care centers covered administratively by Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran were administered a questionnaire by trained staff. Data were analyzed with SPSS (version 16) software, using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. The mean age for participants was $33.1{\pm}8.8years$. There was a significant association between self-efficacy and Pap smear screening (P<0.01). There was also a positive correlation between duration of marriage and husband's education with Pap smear uptake (P<0.01). In univariate analysis, there was a significant association between Pap smear uptake and level of selfefficacy (OR = 15.3 for intermediate and OR=7.4 for good level), duration of marriage (OR = 5.7 for 5-14 years and OR=10.4 for more than 15), age (OR =2.7 for 27-34 years and OR=7.4 for more than 35 years) and husband education level (OR=2.3 for more than 12 years of education). In multivariate analysis, significant associations persisted between Pap smear uptake and self-efficacy (OR = 23.8; 95% CI: 8.7, 65.5), duration of marriage (OR = 5.9; 95% CI: 2.8, 12.2), age (OR = 3.9; 95% CI: 1.2, 12.9) and husband's education (OR = 2.5; 95% CI: 2.0, 10.3). Efforts are needed to increase women's knowledge about cervical cancer and improve their self-efficacy and perceptions of the Pap smear screening in order to reduce cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates.
Introduction: Many training programs have been conducted, aiming to encourage women to perform breast self-examination for early detection of breast cancer. This study aimed to review studies ...performed on efficacy of educational interventions to correct women’s behavior in breast self-examination. Method: Through systematic search of MEDLINE and ISI Web of Science databanks to retrieve titles and abstracts of articles containing results of educational interventions associated with women’s breast self-examination, the articles that focused on determining efficacy of educational interventions were selected. Eventually, results obtained from reviewing full text of 19 selected articles were analyzed. Results: The majority of educational programs were designed for training skills, and most trainers were healthcare staff, and in some cases, educators were made up of peers and families of breast cancer patients. A huge diversity was observed in studies in terms of demographics, such as age, race, education, and occupation, and in some cases, first degree relatives of breast cancer patients were educated as the most important at-risk group. Conclusion: Teaching breast self-examination, with regard to knowledge, attitude, and behavior, plays an essential role in increasing cases of early detection and treatment of breast cancer. More effective education is provided by nurses and other medical staff compared to doctors. Attention to finding a suitable location for education, including healthcare centers and workplace, attributes to success.
Background and Aims: Audience analysis has important role in designing behavior change interventions. In this study, we aimed to measure attitudes and behaviors related to usage of personal ...protective equipment (PPE) to design an intervention for persuading employees to use PPE in their work settings. Methods: In this cross-sectional analytical study, an attitude and self- reported behaviors questionnaire and an observational checklist were used to measure the attitudes and behaviors related to usage of PPE in all 44 employees. Then, the collected data were analyzed. Results: Labors have relatively desired attitudes toward using PPE. Most labors reported that they always or usually had used PPE while working. During observation, we explore that PPE usage was not good at all and some PPE like safety helmets, masks and safety clothes were used less by them. Conclusion: Regardless of having desired attitude and self-reported behaviors, people might have risky behaviors. So, we must notice to virtual behaviors and their causes to have a successful program. Identifying and analyzing audience is necessary to design an effective behavior change intervention.
Background & aim: The effectiveness of the Transtheoretical model for changing nutritional behavior has been questioned by some studies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship ...between self-efficacy and decisional equilibrium and transfer among the stages of behavior change of a calorie balance intake among obese women inYasuj, Iran. Methods : The data of the present descriptive analytical study were baseline data of 447 obese or overweight who were selected using the random cluster method. Based on the Transtheoretical model, individuals pass stages of change, which are precontemplation, contemplation, preparedness, action and maintenance. Two other main constructs which affect the stages of behavior change are self-efficacy and decisional balance. Demographic and anthropometric variables and stages of change, self-efficacy, decisional equilibrium pros and cons related to calorie balance intake were measured using valid and reliable questionnaires. Results: The participants average age was 33.49 years. Neither demographic nor anthropometric variables changes were significant among the stages of behavior change except literacy level before high school ( P=.047,OR=.502, %95 CI=.255 ~ .990). A significant change was observed in self-efficacy ( F(4.425)= 27.09, P= .000),decisional equilibrium (F(4.394), P= .004), and pros (F(4.430)=5.33, P=000), while no significant change was observed among cons (F(4.400)=1.83, P=.123). Conclusion: The findings confirmed the specific model of self-efficacy, decisional equilibrium and pros which predict that the obese women transfer between the five stages of calorie balance intake.
Marketing, besides education and enforcement, is a strategy to change behaviors. The most important question for commercial marketers is: “What can we do to persuade people to buy our products?” They ...try to use commercial marketing principles such as exchange theory, consumer orientation, competition, audience segmentation, and marketing mix, to influence customers and sell their products and services. Health is considered as an important market, and people have to pay tangible and intangible costs to buy health products, services, and behaviors. So, health professionals must know about marketing key concepts and designing programs to promote health products and changing health behavior. “Social marketing” is an approach to persuade people to accept ideas and attitudes, perform healthy behaviors, refer to health facilities, and receive health products. In this chapter, the theoretical considerations and practical steps for planning, implementing, and evaluating the interventions based on the social marketing approach will be discussed. At the end of the chapter, we will study four researches designed and implemented based on the social marketing model.
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