The chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils from 10 commonly consumed herbs: Citrus aurantium, C. limon, Lavandula angustifolia, Matricaria chamomilla, Mentha piperita, M. ...spicata, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum vulgare, Thymus vulgaris and Salvia officinalis have been determined. The antibacterial activity of these oils and their main components; i.e. camphor, carvacrol, 1,8-cineole, linalool, linalyl acetate, limonene, menthol, a-pinene, b-pinene, and thymol were assayed against the human pathogenic bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Micrococcus flavus, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enteritidis, S. epidermidis, S. typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus. The highest and broadest activity was shown by O. vulgare oil. Carvacrol had the highest antibacterial activity among the tested components.
► Mushroom polysaccharide extracts (PSE) contain both α and β glucans. ► Scavenging activity of Phellinus linteus and Ganoderma lucidum PSE is almost as ascorbate. ► Their reducing power is 30× ...higher than that of Agaricus bisporus PSE. ► Phellinus linteus PSE inhibits in vitro IFN-γ synthesis.
Partially purified polysaccharides were obtained from four medicinal mushroom species, Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus brasiliensis, Phellinus linteus and Ganoderma lucidum by hot water extraction, followed by ethanol precipitation. The four samples contained varying amounts of both α- and β-glucans as determined by FT-IR and by quantitative estimation after prior partial hydrolysis (Megazyme β-glucan assay kit). EC50 values of the DPPH scavenging activity of the polysaccharides from G. lucidum spores and P.linteus fruiting bodies were found to be particularly low, i.e. EC50<0.1mg/ml. For A. brasiliensis and A. bisporus, EC50 values were 0.27 and 2.0mg/ml. EC50 values of the antioxidant activity were 7.07mg/ml for G. lucidum, 13.25mg/ml for A. brasiliensis and >20mg/ml for A. bisporus polysaccharide, respectively. EC50 values of the chelating activity of ferrous ions ranged from 0.59mg/ml for G. lucidum to 7.80mg/ml for A. bisporus. The EC50 values of the extracts in the reducing power assay ranged from 0.47 to 14.83mg/ml. A correlation was found between EC50 values of the chelating and reducing power abilities and the amount of total glucans content in the extracts. In vitro measurements of immunomodulatory capacity of polysaccharide extracts showed that A. bisporus, A. brasiliensis fruiting bodies and G. lucidum spores extracts express an immunostimulating effect on activated human PBMCs and induce synthesis of IFN-γ. The polysaccharide extract of P. linteus fruiting bodies showed an immunosuppressive effect.
•The methanolic extract of Cordyceps militaris showed antioxidant potential.•It also revealed strong antibacterial and antifungal properties.•It was able to inhibit the proliferation of human ...carcinoma cell lines.
Being Cordyceps militaris (L.) Link recognized as a medicinal and edible mushroom, this work intends to reveal new interesting bioactive molecules that could be isolated from this species. Hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds were analyzed by chromatographic techniques coupled to different detectors. The methanolic extract of C. militaris was tested for its antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal and anti-proliferative properties in different human tumor cell lines. Mannitol (2.01g/100gdw) and trehalose (24.71g/100g) were the free sugars found in C. militaris. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (68.87%) predominated over saturated fatty acids (23.40%) and δ-tocopherol was the only isoform of vitamin E detected (55.86μg/100g). The organic acids found in this mushroom were oxalic, citric and fumaric acids (0.33, 7.97 and 0.13g/100g, respectively). p-Hydroxybenzoic acid was the only phenolic acid quantified in this species (0.02mg/100g); although cinnamic acid was also found (0.11mg/100g). The methanolic extract of C. militaris proved to inhibit lipid peroxidation, have reducing power and scavenge free radicals. This extract also revealed strong antibacterial and antifungal properties. Finally, the C. militaris extract was able to inhibit the proliferation of MCF-7 (breast), NCI-H460 (non-small lung), HCT-15 (colon) and HeLa (cervical) human carcinoma cell lines.
•A glucogalactomannan was purified from the alkaline extract of Cordyceps militaris.•Its structure was chemically characterized by NMR and methylation analysis.•Results suggested ...(1→2)-linked-α-d-Manp as backbone, partially substituted at O-6.
Cordyceps militaris dried fruiting bodies were extracted with 5% KOH solution. The extract was purified by freeze-thawing treatment, and dialysis (100kDa), giving rise to a homogeneous polysaccharide (Mw 23,000Da). Its monosaccharide composition was mannose (56.7%), galactose (34.5%), and glucose (8.8%). The anomeric configurations were determined by their coupling constants. A complex polysaccharide was identified by NMR and methylation analysis. The HSQC spectrum showed signals at δ 107.7/5.06 and 106.1/5.14; 105.9/5.12 relative to β-d-Galf, and O-2-substituted β-d-Galf units, respectively. The sign at δ 104.4/5.21 corresponded to α-d-Galf. Other signals corresponded to α-d-Manp O-6- and O-2-substituted (δ 100.2/4.94; 100.5/5.27; 100.6/5.23; 100.7/5.16), and α-d-Manp 2,6-di-O-substituted (from δ 99.3 to 99.9). The main linkages, confirmed by methylation analysis, showed the derivatives: 2,3,4-Me3-Manp (11.9%) and 3,4,6-Me3-Manp (28.6%). The branches were (1→6)-linked-α-d-Manp or (1→2)-linked-β-d-Galf, terminating with β-d-Galf, α-d-Galf, α-d-Galp, or α-d-Manp. 42.7% of the partially hydrolyzed product consisted of 3,4,6-Me3-Manp, suggesting a (1→2)-linked backbone.
Higher Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes mushrooms possess various immunological and anticancer properties. They also offer important health benefits and exhibit a broad spectrum of pharmacological ...activities including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, cytotoxic, immunomodulating, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antiallergic, antidepressive, antihyperlipidemic, antidiabetic, digestive, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, osteoprotective, and hypotensive activities. This minireview summarizes the perspectives, recent advances, and major challenges of medicinal mushrooms with reference to their nutraceutical properties and dietary value, the production of mushroom biomass on various substrates, and the purification, characterization, and pharmaceutical effects of biologically active compounds from medicinal mushrooms.
► β-(1→6)-Glucans were isolated and characterized from Agaricus bisporus and Agaricus brasiliensis. ► The glucans were analyzed by GC–MS, HPSEC and 13C NMR. ► THP-1 cells were used to study their ...capacity to induce the expression of proinflammatory genes. ► Both β-glucans showed immunostimulatory activity when administered to the THP-1 macrophages.
The (1→6)-β-d-glucans from Agaricus bisporus and Agaricus brasiliensis were purified to evaluate their effects on the innate immune system. THP-1 macrophages were used to investigate the induction of the expression of TNF-α, IL1β, and COX-2 by RT-PCR. The purification of the polysaccharides gave rise to fractions containing 96–98% of glucose. The samples were analyzed by GC–MS, HPSEC and 13C NMR, which confirmed the presence of homogeneous (1→6)-β-d-glucans. The β-glucans were incubated with THP-1 derived macrophages, for 3h and 6h to evaluate their effects on the expression of pro-inflammatory genes. Both β-glucans stimulated the expression of such genes as much as the pro-inflammatory control (LPS). When the cells were incubated with LPS+β-glucan, a significant inhibition of the expression of IL-1β and COX-2 was observed for both treatments after 3h of incubation. By the results, we conclude that the (1→6)-β-d-glucans present an immunostimulatory activity when administered to THP-1 derived macrophages.
► Composition of polysaccharide extracts of 4 mushrooms is described. ► All extracts contained both α- and β-glucans and phenols. ► All extracts were strong antioxidants. ► Antioxidant activity was ...correlated with α-glucan and phenol or a complex of both.
Antioxidant activities of polysaccharide extracts of four of the most widely known mushrooms often used in medicinal applications as well as in tea and food, namely Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinus edodes and Trametes versicolor, were studied. G. applanatum and L. edodes extracts were the strongest DPPH scavengers, i.e. EC50<0.1mg/mL. G. applanatum extract had the highest chelating ability of ferrous ion (EC50=3.58mg/mL), inhibition of lipid peroxidation (EC50=2.07mg/mL) and had the highest reducing power, EC50=0.18. All four polysaccharide extracts showed a strong correlation between the reducing power and the total amount of phenols and α-glucans; no such correlation was found between the reducing power and the amount of total polysaccharides and proteins. The extracts contained a mixture/complex of polysaccharides, proteins and polyphenols, still present after hot water treatment, ethanol precipitation and dialysis. Glucose was the prevalent monosaccharide of all polysaccharides and samples contained both α- and β-glucans. Total glucan contents varied considerably, i.e. from 35% for G. applanatum to 83% for G. lucidum. Uronic acid was found in the G. applanatum polysaccharides. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis showed strong aromatic and ester peaks next to the different sugar and polysaccharide signals.
In previous study, we suggested that the interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 could serve as a good biomarker for anti-inflammation that related to chronic inflammatory disease. Recently, we are finding new ...anti-inflammation compounds from natural products by screening of IL-6 and IL-10 levels. Although, we could measure IL-6 and IL-10 levels by several methods. However, all methods could not measure continuous kinetic of IL-6 and IL-10 levels. Most methods have multiple steps and take a long time. Therefore, there is no a suitable method for screening. To this end, we established IL-6 and IL-10 promoter assay which can monitor with reference gene as Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) promoter in living single cell. It could determine IL-6 and IL-10 levels continuously in real-time within two steps. We evaluated IL-6 and IL-10 reporter expression in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells with well-known anti-inflammatory compounds such as quercetin, xanthones, β-D-glucan and dexamethasone. As the results, the expression of IL-6 and IL-10 reporters were strongly induced by LPS. The expression of IL-6 reporter was inhibited by all anti-inflammation compounds in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. The expression of IL-10 reporter was inhibited by quercetin, xanthones and dexamethasone in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. While, expression of IL-10 reporter was induced by β-D-glucan. These results indicated that this assay could use for determination of IL-6 and IL-10 reporter expression in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells for anti-inflammation activity. Moreover, the results showed that natural compounds have an effect on the time course of IL-6 and IL-10 expressions. Therefore, real-time monitoring has a merit for natural compounds screening. We suggested that this assay could serve as a compound screening assay for anti-inflammation activity.
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•This assay could monitor expression of IL-6 and IL-10 reporters in real-time.•The assay continuously determines expression of reporters in living single cells.•Lipopolysaccharide strongly induces expression of IL-6 and IL-10 reporters.
The edible mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill is known to induce protective immunomodulatory action against a variety of infectious diseases. In the present study we report potential anti-quorum sensing ...properties of A. blazei hot water extract. Quorum sensing (QS) plays an important role in virulence, biofilm formation and survival of many pathogenic bacteria, including the Gram negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and is considered as a novel and promising target for anti-infectious agents. In this study, the effect of the sub-MICs of Agaricus blazei water extract on QS regulated virulence factors and biofilm formation was evaluated against P. aeruginosa PAO1. Sub-MIC concentrations of the extract which did not kill P. aeruginosa nor inhibited its growth, demonstrated a statistically significant reduction of virulence factors of P. aeruginosa, such as pyocyanin production, twitching and swimming motility. The biofilm forming capability of P. aeruginosa was also reduced in a concentration-dependent manner at sub-MIC values. Water extract of A. blazei is a promising source of antiquorum sensing and antibacterial compounds.
In Russian traditional medicine, an extract from the mushroom Inonotus obliquus (Fr.) Pil´at is used as an anti-tumor medicine and diuretic. It has been reported that Inonotus obliquus has ...therapeutic effects, such as anti-inflammatory, immuno-modulatory and hepatoprotective effects. This study was designed to investigate the chemical composition and biological properties of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Inonotus obliquus from Finland, Russia, and Thailand. Their antioxidative, antimicrobial, and antiquorum properties were tested as well as the cytotoxicity on various tumor cell lines.
The tested extract was subjected to conventional chemical study to identified organic acids and phenolic compounds. Antioxidative activity was measured by several different assays. Antimicrobial potential of extracts was tested by microdilution method, and antiquorum sensing activity and antibiofilm formation of Inonotus obliquus extracts was tested on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cytotoxicity of the extracts was tested on tumor cells (MCF-7, NCI-H460, HeLa and HepG2) and non-tumor liver cells primary cultures.
Oxalic acid was found as the main organic acid, with the highest amount in the aqueous extract from Russia. Gallic, protocatechuic and p-hydroxybenzoic acids were detected in all samples. Inonotus obliquus extracts showed high antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Extracts were tested at subMIC for anti-quorum sensing (AQS) activity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and all extracts showed definite AQS activity. The assays were done using twitching and swarming of bacterial cultures, and the amount of produced pyocyanin as QS parameters. All the extracts demonstrated cytotoxic effect on four tumor cell lines and not on primary porcine liver cells PLP2.
As the Inonotus obliquus presence in Chaga conks is limited, further purification is necessary to draw quantitative conclusions. The presence of AQS activity in medicinal mushrooms suggests a broader anti-infectious disease protection than only immunomodulatory effects.
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