The focus of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a computer assisted instruction (CAI) lesson upon student achievement and pedagogy in social studies. A sample of twenty-four middle school ...students was chosen for the study. They were given a pretest to establish a baseline of knowledge. Subsequently, the students were given CAI on Ancient Oriental Covenants. Following the CAI students were given a posttest identical to the pretest. The pretest mean for students without treatment was 11.3 with a standard deviation of 3.3, and the posttest mean for students with treatment was 13.67 with a standard deviation of 3.9 indicating significant difference. The analysis using a paired t-test indicated the posttest was significantly higher than the pretest (t(23) = −3.529, p = .002). The aforementioned, along with affective measures indicate that the CAI was effective upon academic achievement and pedagogy of three types of ancient Oriental covenants.
The trial of angioplasty and stents in Canada (TASC I) compared the strategy of coronary artery stenting (S) to PTCA in de novo (de N=149) and restenosis (R=121) lesions with a 1° end point of ...angiographic restenosis and 2° end point of event free survival at 6 months.
De novoRestenosisTotalS (76)PTCA (73)S (61)PTCA (60)S (137)PTCA (133)Death0 (0)%10001MI7130101CABG210223RepeatInterven3515410Event freeSurvival64 (84%)65 (89%)57 (93%)53 (88%)121 (88%)118 (89%)
There was a reduction of clinical events in patients with restenosis lesions treated by stenting as compared to de novo lesions: 6.6% vs 15.8% p=0.094. There was an increased early (less < 40 days) infarct rate in the stented patients due to stent thrombosis and a trend towards decreased intervention in target lesions at 6 months (p=0.088.)
The strategies of coronary artery stenting in this study had equivalent of event free survival to STRESS and Benestent in de novo lesions. Patients who underwent stenting for restenosis lesions had an improved outcome with only a 7% cardiac event rate at 6 months.
TASC II is a randomised multicentre study comparing the strategies of stenting (n=21) and prolonged perfusion balloon inflation (PPB; n=22) as initial bail-out therapy in failed PTCA. Core lab ...qualitative and quantitative angiography analysis was possible in 40/43 patients
Pre randomisationPost RandomisationMLD (mm)%MLD (mm)%SuccessRecoil (mm)Stent n=211.1±0559±172.2±0.420±1190% 19/210.32±0.35PPB n=1912±0660±181.5±0.346±2342% 8/190.96±0.54Pnsns<0.001<0.0010.002<0.001
1) Stentingwas more effective as bail-out therapy (90% vs 42% p<0.002), especially in treating dissections of grade C or above: stent 11/12 (91%) vs PBB (0/5 (0)% P<0.0001)
2) Angiographic results with successful PPB were inferior to stenting:% stenosis: 30.6±20.2; MLD 1.9±0.3 (p<0.05 cf stent MLD) due to greater recoil in the PPB group: PPB 0.66±0.34mm (p<0.05 cf stent recoil).
3) Stenting following failed PPB was successful in 9/10 attempts with equivalent angiograms results to primary stent bail-out:% stenosis 24.8±8.2; MLD 2.5±0.4mm, but procedure time was longer 152.6±53.0mins v 114.8±31.3mins (p<0.05)
This randomised multicentre study o bailout therapy in failed PTCA confirms the benefit of stenting in improving immediate results by reducing elastic recoil and sealing complex dissections. Crossover to stenting following failed PPB gives angiographic results comparable to primary bailout stenting at the expense of increased lab time.
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