Nerves are a common feature of the microenvironment, but their role in tumor growth and progression remains unclear. We found that the formation of autonomic nerve fibers in the prostate gland ...regulates prostate cancer development and dissemination in mouse models. The early phases of tumor development were prevented by chemical or surgical sympathectomy and by genetic deletion of stromal β2- and β3-adrenergic receptors. Tumors were also infiltrated by parasympathetic cholinergic fibers that promoted cancer dissemination. Cholinergic-induced tumor invasion and metastasis were inhibited by pharmacological blockade or genetic disruption of the stromal type 1 muscarinic receptor, leading to improved survival of the mice. A retrospective blinded analysis of prostate adenocarcinoma specimens from 43 patients revealed that the densities of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers in tumor and surrounding normal tissue, respectively, were associated with poor clinical outcomes. These findings may lead to novel therapeutic approaches for prostate cancer.
Doping modification is regarded as a simple and effective method for increasing the ionic conductivity and air stability of solid state electrolytes. In this work, a series of ...(100−x)(0.75Li2S·0.25P2S5)·xP2O5 (mol%) (x = 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4) glass-ceramic electrolytes were synthesized by a two-step ball milling technique. Various characterization techniques (including powder X-ray diffraction, Raman and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance) have proved that the addition of P2O5 can stimulate 75Li2S·25P2S5 system to generate the high ionic conductivity phase Li7P3S11. Through the doping optimization strategy, 98(0.75Li2S·0.25P2S5)·2P2O5 glass-ceramic (2PO) not only had a 3.6 times higher ionic conductivity than the undoped sample but also had higher air stability. Its ionic conductivity remained in the same order of magnitude after 10 minutes in the air. We further investigated the reasons why 2PO has a relatively high air stability using powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy in terms of crystal structure degradation and morphology changes. In comparison to the undoped sample, the high ionic conductivity phases (β-Li3PS4 and Li7P3S11) of 2PO were better preserved, and less impurity and unknown peaks were generated over a short period of exposure time. In addition, the morphology of 2PO only changed slightly after 10 minutes of exposure. Despite the fact that the particles aggregated significantly after several days of exposure, 2PO tended to form a protective layer composed of S8, which might allow some particles to be shielded from attack by moisture, slowing down the decay of material properties.
This essay challenges the critical notion of David Lynch as a "trickster figure" in his approach to Twin Peaks. David McAvoy points to Lynch's employment of "boring" sequences in The Return as ...evidence of him "trolling" his fanbase, invoking Sianne Ngai's theory of the "stuplime"--the clash of the stupefying with the Kantian sublime--to argue that The Return's aesthetic approach is one of self-reflexiveness through boredom and mock sentimentality. However, while Ngai's theory of the stuplime is applicable to The Return and has parallels with cultural theory surrounding internet trolling, it does not follow that The Return is applicable to the latter theory. This essay evaluates a sequence cited in McAvoy's chapter--the re-enactment of James Hurley's song "Just You"--to argue that Lynch's sentimentality is anything but a facade to elicit reactions from the audience and that The Return's aesthetic strategy is not limited to concerns of self-reflexiveness.
Orthocetamol is a regioisomer of the well‐known pain medication paracetamol and a promising analgesic and an anti‐arthritic medicament itself. However, orthocetamol cannot be grown as single crystals ...suitable for X‐ray diffraction, so its crystal structure has remained a mystery for more than a century. Here, we report the ab‐initio structure determination of orthocetamol obtained by 3D electron diffraction, combining a low‐dose acquisition method and a dedicated single‐electron detector for recording the diffracted intensities. The structure is monoclinic, with a pseudo‐tetragonal cell that favors multiple twinning on a scale of a few tens of nanometers. The successful application of 3D electron diffraction to orthocetamol introduces a new gold standard of total structure solution in all cases where X‐ray diffraction and electron‐microscope imaging methods fail.
Tiny twins, big challenges: For the first time, 3D electron diffraction was used to solve the unknown crystal structure of orthocetamol, a pharmaceutical compound. Previously, the structure could not be solved with other diffraction techniques because the system does not form single crystals but favors multiple twinning on a scale of a few tens of nanometers.
A new class of deep eutectic solvents are presented which exhibit all of the physical characteristics of classical deep eutectic solvents, with the exception that one of the components is volatile ...when exposed to the atmosphere at room temperature. This enables a premeditated, autodestructive capability which can lead to novel crystalline identities. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this concept through the room-temperature crystallization of a broad range of organic molecules, with a particular focus on pharmaceuticals, that possess a variety of functional groups and molecular complexity. Furthermore, we show how, through the simple altering of the eutectic composition, polymorphism in paracetamol can be controlled, enabling the elusive metastable form II to spontaneously crystallize at room temperature.
Two great social causes held center stage in American politics in the 1960s: the civil rights movement and the antiwar groundswell in the face of a deepening American military commitment in Vietnam. ...InPeace and Freedom, Simon Hall explores two linked themes: the civil rights movement's response to the war in Vietnam on the one hand and, on the other, the relationship between the black groups that opposed the war and the mainstream peace movement. Based on comprehensive archival research, the book weaves together local and national stories to offer an illuminating and judicious chronicle of these movements, demonstrating how their increasingly radicalized components both found common cause and provoked mutual antipathies.Peace and Freedomshows how and why the civil rights movement responded to the war in differing ways-explaining black militants' hostility toward the war while also providing a sympathetic treatment of those organizations and leaders reluctant to take a stand. And, while Black Power, counterculturalism, and left-wing factionalism all made interracial coalition-building more difficult, the book argues that it was the peace movement's reluctance to link the struggle to end the war with the fight against racism at home that ultimately prevented the two movements from cooperating more fully. Considering the historical relationship between the civil rights movement and foreign policy, Hall also offers an in-depth look at the history of black America's links with the American left and with pacifism. With its keen insights into one of the most controversial decades in American history,Peace and Freedomrecaptures the immediacy and importance of the time.
The growth of metal oxide nanowires can proceed via a number of mechanisms such as screw dislocation, vapor-liquid-solid process, or seeded growth. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can resolve ...nanowires but invariably lacks the facility for direct observation of how nanowires form. We used a transmission electron microscope equipped with an in situ heating stage to follow the growth of quaternary metal oxide nanowires. Video-rate imaging revealed barium carbonate nanoparticles diffusing through a porous matrix containing copper and yttrium oxides to subsequently act as catalytic sites for the outgrowth of Y2BaCuO5 nanowires on reaching the surface. The results suggest that sites on the rough surface of the porous matrix act as microcrucibles and thus provide insights into the mechanisms that drive metal oxide nanowire growth at high temperatures.
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