The positive effects of physical training on heart rate variability (HRV) in healthy adults are widely recognized; however, the responsiveness to training in healthy children has not yet been ...established. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of physical training on HRV in prepubertal healthy children. Systematic computerized searches were performed from 1950 to 2012 in the following databases: Medline, Embase, Cinahl, Lilacs, Scielo, SportDiscus, ProQuest; Web of Science; PEDro; Academic Search Premier and the Cochrane Library. The key words used were: heart rate variability, autonomic nervous system, exercise training, physical activity, continuous exercise, intermittent exercise, children, prepubescent, adolescents, and healthy. Although the database search initially identified 6,164 studies, after removing duplicates and excluding by title the number was 148, however, only 2 studies were included in this systematic review. The meta-analysis compared the experimental group (n = 29) with the control group (n = 28) for the HRV parameters: RR intervals, SDNN, RMSSD, pNN50, LF (log), HF (log), LF/HF and Total Power (log). The meta-analysis demonstrated similar HRV indices between both the experimental and control groups. In conclusion, the available results from randomized controlled trials do not support the hypothesis that physical training improves HRV in healthy childrenAUQ2.
Nuclear translocation of β-catenin has been correlated with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression/activation in nonsmall cell lung cancer. Less is known on β-catenin transactivation ...in high-grade pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors and on the status of β-catenin activating EGFR and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) or β-catenin target genes cyclin D1 and matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7). β-catenin immunoreactivity was evaluated in 51 large-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (LCNEC) and 45 small-cell lung carcinomas (SCLC). Nineteen cases were assessed for β-catenin gene exon 3 mutations, expression of MMP-7, and expression/gene amplification of EGFR, HER-2, and cyclin D1. β-catenin was expressed in all 96 high-grade neuroendocrine tumors, the vast majority (94%) showing >50% immunopositive cells. A disarrayed immunoreactivity, however, was commonly encountered consisting in variably altered membrane-associated patterns of staining along with progressive accumulation of cytoplasmic immunoreactivity. In LCNEC, but not in SCLC, the disarrayed patterns correlated with EGFR and HER-2 protein expression. β-catenin nuclear accumulation was found in nine tumors, including seven LCNEC and two SCLC, and was always associated with disarrayed immunoreactivity and increased MMP-7, but not cyclin D1 expression. These cases, however, did not show β-catenin gene mutations or EGFR and HER-2 gene amplification or expression. No association was found between nuclear β-catenin and any clinicopathological variable including patients' survival. The subcellular compartmentalization of β-catenin is profoundly altered in high-grade pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors. A minor subset of these tumors shows β-catenin nuclear accumulation in association with increased expression of MMP-7, but not of cyclin D1, independent of EGFR and HER-2 gene amplification or expression.PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Pancreatic cancers frequently have defects in components of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway.TIEG1(TGF-β inducible early gene) is a recently characterized transcription ...factor regulated by TGF-β that induces apoptosis when overexpressed in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines. Alterations on chromosome 8q, whereTIEG1is located, are also relatively frequent in pancreatic cancers. To determine ifTIEG1may be involved in the tumorigenesis of pancreatic cancer, we performed mutational screening of this gene in 22 pancreatic cancer cell lines. No sequence alterations were observed. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis was also performed to rule out the possibility that the expression of the gene is altered by genetic events other than mutation. Likewise, no alterations in expression were found. Thus, an essential role ofTIEG1in pancreatic cancer can be excluded.
A case study of how intimidation brought about the 1986 disaster involving the US space shuttle Challenger. At the urging of managers from the National Aeronautics & Space Administration's Marshall ...Space Flight Center on the night before the fatal launch, the managers at Morton Thiokol reconsidered their judgment not to launch the next day, although there were no new data & their engineers still objected. The urging of Marshall management & pressure from other sources intimidated Thiokol management & at least one Marshall engineer to obey their superiors & proceed with the launch, despite serious misgivings about safety. It is shown that four conditions created the intimidation: (1) fear of retaliation; (2) lack of justice; (3) Marshall's tradition of discouraging the reporting of bad news; & (4) an objectionable act, ie, overruling the engineers on a life or death technical decision. 1 Figure, 55 References. Adapted from the source document.
Glossary Moore, Patrick
Patrick Moore's Data Book of Astronomy,
02/2011
Book Chapter
Aberration of starlight. As light does not move infinitely fast, but at a rate of practically 300 000 km s–1, and as the Earth is moving round the Sun at an average velocity of 25 km s–1, the stars ...appear to be shifted slightly from their true positions. The best analogy is to picture a man walking along in a rainstorm, holding an umbrella. If he wants to keep himself dry, he will have to slant the umbrella forward; similarly, starlight seems to reach us ‘from an angle’. Aberration may affect a star's position by up to 20.5 seconds of arc.Ablation. The erosion of a surface by friction or vaporisation.Absolute magnitude. The apparent magnitude that a star would have if it could be observed from a standard distance of 10 parsecs (32.6 light-years).Absolute zero. The coldest theoretically possible temperature: –273.16 °C.Accretion disc. A disc structure which forms round a spinning object when material falls on to it from beyond.Achromatic object-glass. An object-glass which has been corrected so as to eliminate chromatic aberration or false colour as much as possible.Aerolite. A meteorite whose main composition is stony.Airglow. The light produced and emitted by the Earth's atmosphere (excluding meteor trains, thermal radiation, lightning and auroræ).Albedo. The reflecting power of a planet or other non-luminous body. The Moon is a poor reflector; its albedo is a mere 7% on average.Alfvén wave. A low-frequency travelling oscillation of the ions and the magnetic field of a plasma.
Preface Moore, Patrick
Patrick Moore's Data Book of Astronomy,
02/2011
Book Chapter
The ancestor of this book was published more than half a century ago as the Guiness Book of Records in Astronomy. It went through five editions, and was then transformed into the Astronomy Data Book ...published by the Institute of Physics. By this time it had ceased to be merely lists of facts and had become much more general, and many observatories began using it as a book of quick reference. Now, 10 years later, there has been another transformation. The essential basic plan has been retained, but the text has been largely rewritten with all new data, and the tables have been enlarged and brought up to date. I pay tribute here to Robin Rees without whom I am quite certain that this book would never have seen the light of day. Invaluable help has also been given by Iain Nicolson who read the entire manuscript very carefully – though I hasten to add that any remaining errors are entirely my own.So far as bringing the text up to date is concerned, the cut-off date is 1 December, 2010. I hope that will be acceptable.
