Ovaj povijesni pregled ističe neke od glavnih hermeneutičkih prekretnica unutar kršćanske Crkve, koje pružaju šire zaleđe razvoja adventističkog tumačenja Svetog pisma. Alegorijska metoda, koju su ...koristili helenistički Židovi i postapostolski kršćani, omogućila je da se mnoga učenja Svetoga pisma prilagode grčko-rimskoj kulturi. Srednjovjekovna se Crkva kasnije službeno odnosila prema brojnim nebiblijskim tradicijama kao kanonskim. No, reformacija šesnaestog stoljeća obnovila je temeljna hermeneutička načela koja su omogućila ponovnu uspostavu biblijskih doktrina. Takva se doktrinarna obnova tijekom vremena dogodila među adventistima sedmog dana, i to usvajanjem i protestantske gramatičko-povijesne metode tumačenja Biblije, i protestantske historicističke škole proročkog tumačenja.
본 논문은 종교개혁 500주년을 맞아 종교개혁의 주된 원리인 ‘성경으로 돌아가자’는 원리 아래서 한국교회의 현주소, 특히 설교강단의 실제적 모습을 되돌아보고 그 부정적 모습이 양산된 원인들을 규명하고, 그것들을 극복하기 위한 대안들을 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 한국교회 설교강단의 위기를 구성하는 요소는 크게 세 가지로서, 설교자 사역 환경의 구조적 문제, ...설교자의 설교신학의 부재, 그리고 청중의 설교 청취의 미숙함이다. 이런 위기를 극복하기 위한 설교개혁의 길들은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 설교자의 사역 환경의 구조적 문제와 관련하여, 목회자 수급의 불균형에서 비롯된 미자립교회를 위한 교단적 차원의 정책적 지원과 개교회주의가 만연한 이 때에 공교회성을 확립하기 위한 교구제 도입과 과중한 설교부담을 줄이기 위한 강단교류의 시행을 숙고해야 할 때이다. 둘째, 한국교회 설교강단의 위기의 중심에 설교자, 더 정확히 말하면, 설교자의 올바른 설교신학의 부재가 있다. 이로 인한 부작용은 ‘본문 상실의 설교’, 신학 실종의 모범적 설교, 번영신학과 성장제일주의, 개인 구원의 사사화, 복음과 연계되지 않은 ‘자기 이야기’의 예화적 설교로 나타난다. 이런 부작용을 극복하기 위해 설교자 자신부터 신학 훈련과 인격 훈련에 힘써야 할 뿐 아니라 교단적 차원의 목회자 후보생을 위한 장학금 지원과 목회자 연장교육이 지속적으로 시행되어야 한다. 셋째, 설교의 한 축을 차지하는 청중 역시 효과적 설교 청취의 훈련이 필요하다. 하나님께 대한 예배와 경건한 설교청취 자세를 잃어버린 성도에게는 예배와 설교에 대한 바른 교육과 지도가 절실하게 필요하다.
Celebrating Reformation 500 years, this article aims to suggest the ways of reformation of preaching, under the main principle of ‘redi ad scripturam’ through looking back present state of Korean churches, especially practical pulpit issues, and defining causes producing her negative results. There are largely three elements consisting crisis of pulpit: structural problem of ministerial environment for preacher, lack of preaching theology of preacher, and listener’s immature of hearing sermons. To overcome these crisises three ways are suggested. Firstly, concerning structural problem of ministerial environment for preacher, there needs a denominational strategical support for financially dependant churches caused by imbalance of supply and demand for ministers, and an introduction of parish system for establishing church-catholicity against the prevalence of local church interests first, and implementation of pulpit exchange to reduce the burdens of too much preaching work. Secondly, In the midst of the crisis of pulpit in Korean churches, there is a preacher, to say more precisely, a lack of right preaching theology for preacher. Ill effects resulted from the lack are demonstrated as ‘text-lost preaching’, exemplary preaching caused by theology-lost, prosperity theology and growth first belief, privatization of individual salvation, and illustration preaching focused on ‘self-story’ detached from the gospel. To get rid of these ill effects, preacher should make an effort of both theological and personal discipline, and a denomination not only grants scholarship for theological students but also offer a further education programme for preacher. Thirdly, listener as a partner of preaching needs to be taught for a right manner of hearing sermons.
The reorganization of the astronomical community during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, due to the rise of astrophysics, was seen by some scientists as an opportunity to join an ...international community of prestigious researchers. This was the case of astronomers such as Josep Comas i Solà, who publicly argued with Eugène Michel Antoniadi during the first decades of the twentieth century about the veracity of astronomical observations and theoretical conclusions on Mars and Jupiter. Their priority claims and public disputes have to be understood in a new context that provided an exceptional opportunity for amateur and professional astronomers both to play an active role in the most interesting scientific debates of these years and to gain prestige, legitimacy and power.
The world is undergoing a process of structural transformation in multiple dimensions: technological, economic, cultural, and institutional. This creates as many opportunities as it induces perils. ...Perhaps the most fundamental problem we now face is the crisis of political institutions in charge of managing the transition. We know the problems, we understand the issues, and in many countries there is enough political will to tackle the questions to be addressed. However, the organizational and institutional tools of governance are either insufficient or inadequate. Furthermore, the crisis of governance is related to a crisis of political legitimacy, characterized by increasing distance between citizens and their representatives. Both crises feed into each other, threatening with political paralysis and opening the way both for authoritarian policies and for demagogic revolts.
Numerical simulation of the mould filling process is a very important aspect of casting computer aided engineering technology. However, it is time consuming; it may take a day, or even several days. ...This study tries to reduce the computational time of mould filling simulation by the even/uneven complex finite difference method (FDM) mesh technology. First, this paper introduces a mathematical model of the mould filling process. Then, the even FDM mesh technology, the uneven FDM mesh technology and the even/uneven complex FDM mesh technology are introduced; this paper also gives the even FDM mesh model and uneven FDM mesh model of a benchmark casting, and comprises the simulation results and computational time of the mould filling simulation by different mesh technologies. Finally, this paper gives an application on a die casting's mould filling simulation using the even/uneven complex FDM mesh technology. The results show that the even/uneven complex FDM mesh technology has the advantages of both even and uneven FDM mesh technologies and thus can reduce the computation time of mould filling simulation efficiently.
This vol in the Catalan Studies: Translations and Text series contains a Foreword by Everette E. Larson, an Introduction by Mario A. Rojas, an Afterword by Hintz, III PARTS, & 19 Chpts by different ...authors representing a selection from contributions to the Fifth Catalan Symposium held Nov 1994 at Washington, DC. Essays are presented in an order that highlights the convergent theme of the conference on the history of Catalan language & literature, its intertextual relations with Castilian literature, & effects of the changing political & ideological framework on Catalan literary growth. PART I - POINT-COUNTERPOINT - reviews the Castilian-Catalan literary & cultural relationship from the 13th century to the end of the 19th century. PART II - LANGUAGE - addresses issues of literary bilingualism in the Valencian Community & in connection with Catalan poets, the impact of modern media on the standardization of Catalan, & the imminent future of Catalan; Catalan & Castilian versions of Baltasar Porcel's novel Els Argonautes/Los Argonautas (The Argonauts) are compared. PART III - LITERATURE - presents studies of specific literary works with emphasis on Castilian influences in lyric poetry & novels; also discussed are cultural aspects of the reconquest chronicles & mention of Catalan writers in classical Castilian texts. J. Hitchcock
The first woman known to have written in English, the fourteenth-century mystic Julian of Norwich has inspired generations of Christians with her reflections on the "motherhood" of Jesus, and her ...assurance that, despite evil, "all shall be well." In this book, Denise Baker reconsiders Julian not only as an eloquent and profound visionary but also as an evolving, sophisticated theologian of great originality. Focusing on Julian'sBook of Showings, in which the author records a series of revelations she received during a critical illness in May 1373, Baker provides the first historical assessment of Julian's significance as a writer and thinker.
Inscribing her visionary experience in the short version of herShowings, Julian contemplated the revelations for two decades before she achieved the understanding that enabled her to complete the long text. Baker first traces the genesis of Julian's visionary experience to the practice of affective piety, such as meditations on the life of Christ and, in the arts, a depiction of a suffering rather than triumphant Christ on the cross. Julian's innovations become apparent in the long text. By combining late medieval theology of salvation with the mystics' teachings on the nature of humankind, she arrives at compassionate, optimistic, and liberating conclusions regarding the presence of evil in the world, God's attitude toward sinners, and the possibility of universal salvation. She concludes her theodicy by comparing the connections between the Trinity and humankind to familial relationships, emphasizing Jesus' role as mother. Julian's strategy of revisions and her artistry come under scrutiny in the final chapter of this book, as Baker demonstrates how this writer brings her readers to reenact her own struggle in understanding the revelations.
Originally published in 1997.
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