This book is a narrative history of the many dimensions of the War of 1812 - social, diplomatic, military and political - which places the war's origins and conduct in transatlantic perspective. The ...events of 1812–15 were shaped by the larger crisis of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe. In synthesizing and reinterpreting scholarship on the war, Professor J. C. A. Stagg focuses on the war as a continental event, highlighting its centrality to Canadian nationalism and state development. The book introduces the war to students and general readers, concluding that it resulted in many ways from an emerging nation-state trying to contend with the effects of rival European nationalisms, both in Europe itself and in the Atlantic world.
This A–Z encyclopedia is a one-stop resource for understanding the history and evolution of the national anthem in American politics, culture, and mythology, as well as controversies surrounding its ...emergence as a lightning rod for political protests and statements. This reference work serves as a comprehensive resource for understanding all aspects of the national anthem and its significance in U.S. history and American life and culture. It covers the origins of the song and its selection as the nation’s official anthem and acknowledges other musical compositions proposed as national anthems. It discusses famous performances of the anthem and details laws and court decisions related to its performance, and it also explains notable phrases in its lyrics, describes the meaning of the national anthem to different demographic groups, and surveys presentations and celebrations of “The Star-Spangled Banner” in popular culture. Moreover, it summarizes famous political protests undertaken during renditions of the national anthem, from the Black Power salutes by U.S. athletes during the 1968 Olympics to the kneeling protests undertaken by Colin Kaepernick and other NFL players to bring attention to racial inequality in America. Features • Hundreds of illuminating and authoritative entries on various facets of the history and cultural importance of the “Star-Spangled Banner” • Extensive timeline of important events in the history and evolution of America’s national anthem • Detailed bibliography of resources for further learning about the national anthem • Guest foreword by musicology scholar Joseph Morgan on musical elements of the national anthem song
A magnetic white dwarf with five H α components Kilic, Mukremin; Rolland, B; Bergeron, P ...
Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,
11/2019, Letnik:
489, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
ABSTRACT
G183−35 is an unusual white dwarf that shows an H α line split into five components, instead of the usual three components seen in strongly magnetic white dwarfs. Potential explanations for ...the unusual set of lines include a double degenerate system containing two magnetic white dwarfs and/or rotational modulation of a complex magnetic field structure. Here, we present time-resolved spectroscopy of G183−35 obtained at the Gemini Observatory. These data reveal two sets of absorption lines that appear and disappear over a period of about 4 h. We also detect low-level (0.2 per cent) variability in optical photometry at the same period. We demonstrate that the spectroscopic and photometric variability can be explained by the presence of spots on the surface of the white dwarf and a change in the average field strength from about 4.6 to 6.2 MG. The observed variability is clearly due to G183−35’s relatively short spin period. However, rotational modulation of a complex magnetic field by itself cannot explain the changes seen in the central H α component. An additional source of variability in the line profiles, most likely due to a chemically inhomogeneous surface composition, is also needed. We propose further observations of similar objects to test this scenario.
Tjenestepensjonsordningene for statens arbeidere mellom 1814 og 1917 er lite undersøkt. Her behandles alders-, uføre- og enkepensjoner. Det var fire hovedgrupper arbeidere i staten; for det første ...arbeiderne på Sølvverket på Kongsberg, der pensjonsordningen fra eneveldet ble videreutviklet til en rettighetsbasert pensjonsordning. For det andre arbeiderne ved statlige militærbedrifter som i hovedsak kopierte pensjonsordningen fra Sølvverket. På Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk gikk arbeiderne sammen om å kreve en slik pensjonsordning omkring 1860 – en tidlig form for kollektiv handling. For det tredje arbeiderne ved statens bygge- og anleggsvirksomhet som ofte var sesongarbeidere. Da disse organiserte seg på 1890-tallet, stod krav om en rettighetsbasert pensjon sentralt. For det fjerde statsbanenes fast ansatte og fastlønnede tjenestemenn, som også inkluderte noen grupper arbeidere, som fyrbøtere og verkstedarbeidere. Denne gruppen fikk rettighetsbaserte pensjoner fra 1870-årene. Sammenlignet med private arbeidsgivere var staten en tjenestepensjonspolitisk pioner ved at mange av statens arbeidere fikk rettighetsbaserte ordninger som ikke kunne endres til arbeidernes ugunst med tilbakevirkende kraft. Statens anleggsarbeidere oppnådde derimot ingen rettigheter og forble henvist til ydmykt å søke sin arbeidsgiver om pensjon på samme måte som i private bedrifter. Slike søknader ble behandlet av vedkommende departement og i siste instans avgjort av Stortinget. Listen for å innvilge slike søknader lå høyt. Først fra 1890-årene innledet Stortinget en praksis med å innvilge slike understøttelser, som reelt sett var pensjonsytelser for arbeidere og enker som ellers var henvist til fattigkassen.
Understanding how metabolic costs change in relation to increasing temperature under future climate changes is important to predict how ectotherms will be affected across the globe. In fish, whole ...body respiration is traditionally used to estimate aerobic performance via an organism’s minimum and maximum oxygen consumption rates. However, mitochondria play a crucial role in the aerobic cascade and may be a useful surrogate of aerobic performance. To test whether whole body oxygen consumption and mitochondrial capacity are correlated, we estimated whole body metabolic and mitochondrial respiration rates (using permeabilized red muscle fibres) in brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill, 1814)) at 10, 15, and 20 °C. Standard metabolic rate increased with acclimation temperature, while maximum rates were less sensitive. All mitochondrial respiration rates increased with acclimation temperature, suggesting that red muscle mitochondrial preparations may correlate to the minimal metabolic demands in this species. When expressed as relative rates of electron flow, the red muscle fibres showed no effect of temperature on mitochondrial coupling efficiency. However, there was a pattern of declining capacity to augment respiration via complex II with increasing temperature with a concomitant increase in the capacity of the phosphorylating system relative to maximal rates of mitochondrial electron flow.
We present ∼1″ resolution (∼2 kpc in the source plane) observations of the CO (1–0), CO (3–2), Hα, and N ii lines in the strongly lensed z = 2.26 star-forming galaxy SDSS J0901+1814. We use these ...observations to constrain the lensing potential of a foreground group of galaxies, and our source-plane reconstructions indicate that SDSS J0901+1814 is a nearly face-on (i ≈ 30°) massive disk with r 1/2 ≳ 4 kpc for its molecular gas. Using our new magnification factors (μ tot ≈ 30), we find that SDSS J0901+1814 has a star formation rate (SFR) of \({268}_{-61}^{+63}\,{M}_{\odot }\,{\mathrm{yr}}^{-1}\), \({M}_{\mathrm{gas}}=({1.6}_{-0.2}^{+0.3})\times {10}^{11}({\alpha }_{\mathrm{CO}}/4.6)\,{M}_{\odot }\), and \({M}_{\star }=({9.5}_{-2.8}^{+3.8})\times {10}^{10}\,{M}_{\odot }\), which places it on the star-forming galaxy “main sequence.” We use our matched high angular resolution gas and SFR tracers (CO and Hα, respectively) to perform a spatially resolved (pixel-by-pixel) analysis of SDSS J0901+1814 in terms of the Schmidt–Kennicutt relation. After correcting for the large fraction of obscured star formation (\({\mathrm{SFR}}_{{\rm{H}}\alpha }/{\mathrm{SFR}}_{\mathrm{TIR}}={0.054}_{-0.014}^{+0.015}\)), we find that SDSS J0901+1814 is offset from “normal” star-forming galaxies to higher star formation efficiencies independent of assumptions for the CO-to-H2 conversion factor. Our mean best-fit index for the Schmidt–Kennicutt relation for SDSS J0901+1814, evaluated with different CO lines and smoothing levels, is \(\bar{n}=1.54\pm 0.13;\) however, the index may be affected by gravitational lensing, and we find \(\bar{n}=1.24\pm 0.02\) when analyzing the source-plane reconstructions. While the Schmidt–Kennicutt index largely appears unaffected by which of the two CO transitions we use to trace the molecular gas, the source-plane reconstructions and dynamical modeling suggest that the CO (1–0) emission is more spatially extended than the CO (3–2) emission.
Tohopeka Braund, Kathryn H; Abram, Susan M; Collins, Robert P ...
2012, 2012-08-30
eBook
Tohopeka contains a variety of perspectives and uses a wide arrayof evidence and approaches, from scrutiny of cultural and religious practices to literary and linguistic analysis, to illuminate this ...troubled period.   Almost two hundred years ago, the territory that would become Alabama was both ancient homeland and new frontier where a complex network of allegiances and agendas was playing out. The fabric of that network stretched and frayed as the Creek Civil War of 1813−14 pitted a faction of the Creek nation known as Red Sticks against those Creeks who supported the Creek National Council.  The war began in July 1813, when Red Stick rebels were attacked near Burnt Corn Creek by Mississippi militia and settlers from the Tensaw area in a vain attempt to keep the Red Sticks’ ammunition from reaching the main body of disaffected warriors. A retaliatory strike against a fortified settlement owned by Samuel Mims, now called Fort Mims, was a Red Stick victory.  The brutality of the assault, in which 250 people were killed, outraged the American public and “Remember Fort Mims” became a national rallying cry.   During the American-British War of 1812, Americans quickly joined the war against the Red Sticks, turning the civil war into a military campaign designed to destroy Creek power. The battles of the Red Sticks have become part of Alabama and American legend and include the famous Canoe Fight, the Battle of Holy Ground, and most significantly, the Battle of Tohopeka (also known as Horseshoe Bend)—the final great battle of the war. There, an American army crushed Creek resistance and made a national hero of Andrew Jackson. New attention to material culture and documentary and archaeological records fills in details, adds new information, and helps disabuse the reader of outdated interpretations.   Contributors Susan M. Abram / Kathryn E. Holland Braund/ Robert P. Collins / Gregory Evans Dowd / John E. Grenier / David S. Heidler / Jeanne T. Heidler / Ted Isham / Ove Jensen / Jay Lamar / Tom Kanon / Marianne Mills / James W. Parker / Craig T. Sheldon Jr. / Robert G. Thrower / Gregory A. Waselkov
We present ∼1″ resolution (∼2 kpc in the source plane) observations of the CO (1-0), CO (3-2), H , and N ii lines in the strongly lensed z = 2.26 star-forming galaxy SDSS J0901+1814. We use these ...observations to constrain the lensing potential of a foreground group of galaxies, and our source-plane reconstructions indicate that SDSS J0901+1814 is a nearly face-on (i 30°) massive disk with r1/2 4 kpc for its molecular gas. Using our new magnification factors ( tot 30), we find that SDSS J0901+1814 has a star formation rate (SFR) of , , and , which places it on the star-forming galaxy "main sequence." We use our matched high angular resolution gas and SFR tracers (CO and H , respectively) to perform a spatially resolved (pixel-by-pixel) analysis of SDSS J0901+1814 in terms of the Schmidt-Kennicutt relation. After correcting for the large fraction of obscured star formation ( ), we find that SDSS J0901+1814 is offset from "normal" star-forming galaxies to higher star formation efficiencies independent of assumptions for the CO-to-H2 conversion factor. Our mean best-fit index for the Schmidt-Kennicutt relation for SDSS J0901+1814, evaluated with different CO lines and smoothing levels, is however, the index may be affected by gravitational lensing, and we find when analyzing the source-plane reconstructions. While the Schmidt-Kennicutt index largely appears unaffected by which of the two CO transitions we use to trace the molecular gas, the source-plane reconstructions and dynamical modeling suggest that the CO (1-0) emission is more spatially extended than the CO (3-2) emission.
The Papyrology Rooms of the Sackler Library, Oxford, preserve the correspondence of the two famous papyrologists, B.P. Grenfell and A.S. Hunt, conducted with numerous scholars from Britain and ...continental Europe. The main subject of this correspondence is the editing of the texts found in the Oxyrhynchus papyri. On some of the most important legal papyri, namely P.Oxy. 1814, 2089 and especially 2103 (the ‘Oxyrhynchus Gaius’), Hunt sought out the collaboration of Roman law scholars such as F. de Zulueta, W.W. Buckland and E. Levy, who all participated to a varying degree in the editorial process of these legal documents. These letters, some of them hitherto unknown, are here published for the first time. They reveal the extent of the collaboration especially between Hunt and de Zulueta, the Regius Professor of Civil Law in Oxford. In addition to this correspondence, another letter on the same theme was discovered in the University Library of Aberdeen, where de Zulueta’s personal library is now located. It was sent to de Zulueta by the Italian Roman law scholar V. Arangio-Ruiz, who was then editing the PSI 1182 (the ‘Florentine Gaius’), and shows the ongoing dialogue between the two scholars on this important legal papyrus. Taken together, these letters allow a reconstruction of the editorial process applied to some of the most significant witnesses of Roman law sources unearthed in the 20
century. This in turn provokes reflection on the desirability of submitting the standard editions of these sources to a new critical analysis.
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