The break-up of the Ottoman empire and the disintegration of the Russian empire were watershed events in modern history. The unravelling of these empires was both cause and consequence of World War I ...and resulted in the deaths of millions. It irrevocably changed the landscape of the Middle East and Eurasia and reverberates to this day in conflicts throughout the Caucasus and Middle East. Shattering Empires draws on extensive research in the Ottoman and Russian archives to tell the story of the rivalry and collapse of two great empires. Overturning accounts that portray their clash as one of conflicting nationalisms, this pioneering study argues that geopolitical competition and the emergence of a new global interstate order provide the key to understanding the course of history in the Ottoman-Russian borderlands in the twentieth century. It will appeal to those interested in Middle Eastern, Russian, and Eurasian history, international relations, ethnic conflict, and World War I.
Three of the formative revolutions that shook the early twentieth-century world occurred almost simultaneously in regions bordering each other. Though the Russian, Iranian, and Young Turk Revolutions ...all exploded between 1904 and 1911, they have never been studied through their linkages until now. Roving Revolutionaries probes the interconnected aspects of these three revolutions through the involvement of the Armenian revolutionaries—minorities in all of these empires—whose movements and participation within and across frontiers tell us a great deal about the global transformations that were taking shape. Exploring the geographical and ideological boundary crossings that occurred, Houri Berberian's archivally grounded analysis of the circulation of revolutionaries, ideas, and print tells the story of peoples and ideologies in upheaval and collaborating with each other, and in so doing it illuminates our understanding of revolutions and movements.
In 1952, the Hill family was held hostage by escaped convicts in their suburban Pennsylvania home. The family of seven was trapped for nineteen hours by three fugitives who treated them politely, ...took their clothes and car, and left them unharmed. The Hills quickly became the subject of international media coverage. Public interest eventually died out, and the Hills went back to their ordinary, obscure lives. Until, a few years later, the Hills were once again unwillingly thrust into the spotlight by the media—with a best- selling novel loosely based on their ordeal, a play, a big-budget Hollywood adaptation starring Humphrey Bogart, and an article in Life magazine. Newsworthy is the story of their story, the media firestorm that ensued, and their legal fight to end unwanted, embarrassing, distorted public exposure that ended in personal tragedy. This story led to an important 1967 Supreme Court decision— Time, Inc. v. Hill —that still influences our approach to privacy and freedom of the press. Newsworthy draws on personal interviews, unexplored legal records, and archival material, including the papers and correspondence of Richard Nixon (who, prior to his presidency, was a Wall Street lawyer and argued the Hill family's case before the Supreme Court), Leonard Garment, Joseph Hayes, Earl Warren, Hugo Black, William Douglas, and Abe Fortas. Samantha Barbas explores the legal, cultural, and political wars waged around this seminal privacy and First Amendment case. This is a story of how American law and culture struggled to define and reconcile the right of privacy and the rights of the press at a critical point in history—when the news media were at the peak of their authority and when cultural and political exigencies pushed free expression rights to the forefront of social debate. Newsworthy weaves together a fascinating account of the rise of big media in America and the public's complex, ongoing love-hate affair with the press.
Earthquakes, tsunamis and gravity flows are common processes offshore Eastern Sicily and pose a significant hazard to coastal communities and infrastructure. The 1908 Messina earthquake and tsunami ...resulted in >60,000 casualties. It caused a large turbidity current, which broke the Malta-Zante telegraph cable. Yet, this gravity flow remains poorly characterised in terms of its route and flow behaviour. A comprehensive analysis of multibeam echosounder data, sub-bottom profiles, and sediment cores has been carried out to improve our understanding about gravity flow activity within conduit systems of the western Ionian Basin to reconstruct the characteristics of the 1908 sediment flow (e.g., erosion, velocity, source region). Three main canyon-channel systems can be distinguished within the study area. The easternmost system (C3) appears to be the most active in terms of sediment transport. There are numerous erosional and depositional bedforms, including large-scale scours (>100 m-long), turbidite sediment waves and channel wall collapses that are not overprinted by younger events. The other two canyon-channel systems (C1, C2) do not show many bedforms indicative of repeated and recent gravity flow activity. Indeed, the transport of the majority of sediment discharged into the western system (C1) is limited to <25 km downslope from the continental slope, while the central system (C2) facilitates sediment deposition from gravity flows. C3 is, thus, suggested to have been the main passageway of the 1908 sediment flow. It also leads directly to two of three cable break locations. The most likely source areas for the gravity flow are north-eastern Sicily and southern Calabria. Bedforms indicate a flow thickness of >170 m along the upper channel portion of C3 and > 140 m along its lower portion close to the cable breaks. An average flow velocity of 5.6 to 6.3 ms−1 is reconstructed, given the timing of the breaks and length of the canyon-channel system. The flow may have locally decelerated and accelerated while bypassing morphologic highs and knickpoints. These new findings significantly improve our understanding of the 1908 gravity flow (e.g., passageways, depositional/erosional behaviour, thickness, velocity) and provide important insights into gravity flow events in general, especially those with a large run-out. This knowledge is needed to assess potential hazards associated with these events.
•the western Ionian Basin shows three distinct canyon-channel systems.•>140 m-thick gravity flow along main passageway in the east; velocity 5–6 m s−2.•numerous erosional and depositional bedforms (e.g., scours, sediment waves).•north-eastern Sicily and southern Calabria are potential source areas.•main failure likely offshore between San Leo and Bocale (southern Calabria).
Barreca et al. (2021) have presented a new model for the tectonics of the Strait of Messina that helps to account for the disastrous 1908 earthquake. Their new proposal is based mostly on a set of ...recent reflection seismic profiles, which are described as of unprecedented resolution. The resolution is indeed high, but the penetration to depth of the seismic data is limited, which brings into question some of their interpretation of the geometry of the fault system. However, the most critical issue is that the fault traced by the authors is not observed across all the seismic data. On some of the seismic profiles the interpreted fault doesn't seem to affect the seafloor. On the contrary to what stated by the authors, the fault into question may belong to a fault system that is no longer active. Finally, in two of the profiles presented the fault is interpreted as dipping in the opposite direction to that described by the authors. In summary, the significant uncertainties of the supporting interpretation undermine the seismotectonic model and geodynamic evolution proposed by the authors.
Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis (1839-1908) never left Brazil and rarely traveled outside his native city of Rio de Janeiro, yet he is widely acknowledged by those who have read him as one of the ...major authors of the nineteenth century. His works are full of subtle irony, relentless psychological insights, and brilliant literary innovations. Yet, because he wrote in Portuguese, a language outside the mainstream of Western culture, those with access to his writings are relatively few. This book is designed not only to call new attention to this master but also to raise questions about the nature of literature itself and current alternative views on how it can be approached. Four essays address the question of Machado's "realism" in the five masterpiece novels of his maturity, especially Dom Casmurro. The noted contributors include John Gledson (University of Liverpool), João Adolfo Hansen (Universidade de São Paulo), Sidney Chalhoub (Universidade de Campinas), and Daphne Patai (University of Massachusetts at Amherst). Dain Borges of the University of California at San Diego says, "This is the only collection explicitly debating the question that polarizes contemporary Brazilian criticism of Machado de Assis: was he a sophisticated late realist, or was he a pioneering anti-realist, even a postmodernist? The essayists marshal their evidence and argument with virtuosity and arrive at sharply opposing conclusions."
We aim to explain the logic of extended land conflict litigation procedures as a strategic interaction utilizing Game Theory. We integrated the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (CPC, 1908), functional ...in Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, and Pakistan, with Alternative Dispute Resolution System (ADRS) as strategic options for the incumbents into two interactive game-theoretic models with alternative scenarios. First, litigation for land possession, having land title; Second, litigation for land title, having land possession. The standard litigation procedure is reasoned, and the analytical framework is established from pertaining laws and incumbents' behavior. The games achieve Nash equilibrium only if the litigation cost increases the utility of land at any level forcing incumbents to converge to ADRS. Alternatively, the legal procedure follows the prisoner's dilemma and extends for decades, inducing illicit behavior ascertaining the incumbents to gain possession or title by involving land grabbers and officials. Thus, corresponding game-theoretic models of land grabbing and corruption are established. High litigation costs, lack of transparency, the informality of land, and lack of cadastral information keep illegal behaviors unchecked. Finally, the paper suggests policies to improve the land administration and legal system to manage land conflicts to make cities safe, resilient, and sustainable.
•We propose a game-theoretic approach to prolonged land conflict litigation under CPC, 1908.•Two alternative models are introduced, with land possession and land title as the points of conflict.•Legal procedures and ADRS are integrated as strategic options for litigants to resolve conflict.•The extended game culminates in the prisoner’s dilemma thus inducing illegitimate behavior.•The glitches and loopholes in the fragile procedural and legal systems keep illegal behaviors unchecked.
This article focuses on the 1923-1937 period when the rise of Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime drove public works programmes. The 1908 earthquake almost destroyed Messina and, in the Fascist period ...Angelo Paino, the new Metropolitan Archbishop of Messina, fostered the reconstruction of the ecclesiastical heritage of the city and surrounding villages. Primary and secondary sources were collected and analysed to investigate the role of accounting and calculation practices in interpreting the urban reconstruction programme that the Fascist government actively supported. This research contributes to accounting history research adding the new reading of accounting, disasters and urban reconstruction, and highlighting the relations between the Fascist regime and the Catholic Church within an urban reconstruction programme following one of history's major catastrophes. We obtained several findings, including an interpretation of the Fascist regime's reconstruction of the city's churches and key public buildings as an instrument of consensus among the Catholic electorate.
This book chronicles five decades of struggle to introduce family planning into one of the largest, most complex countries in sub-Saharan Africa: the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).
...Interweaving details of major political, social, and economic events into the history of family planning in DRC (formerly Zaïre), the book analyses the achievements and setbacks of five decades of programmatic work. President Mobutu's 1972 discourse on Naissances Désirables (desirable births) opened the door to organized family planning programs, which gained considerable momentum in the 1980s despite societal norms favoring large families. Two pillages and armed conflict paralyzed development work during the decade of the 1990s, and family planning was one of multiple public health programs that struggled to regain lost ground in the 2000s. With new donor funding and implementing agencies, the 2010s witnessed rapid programmatic expansion and improved strategies. By 2018, family planning was operating as a well-oiled machine. But progress is fragile. The book ends by tracing the deleterious effects of the colonial period to contemporary programming and individual contraceptive use. It asks hard questions about donor financing. And it details the six conditions needed to accelerate family planning progress in the DRC, in pursuit of providing millions of Congolese women and men with the means of controlling their own fertility.
The book will be of interest to development and public health researchers and practitioners, as well as to historians of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Anton Nilsson (1887-1989) est l’une des plus célèbres figures du mouvement ouvrier suédois, un militant de premier plan élevé au statut d’icône. Membre du Mouvement des jeunes socialistes dans la ...ville ouvrière de Malmö, il place une bombe sur le navire Amalthea, qui abritait 73 briseurs de grève anglais, dans le cadre d’un vaste conflit du travail impliquant les dockers des ports suédois. Il est condamné à mort, mais à la suite de nombreuses protestations, y compris internationales, sa peine est commuée en prison à vie. En 1917, après les troubles de la « révolution des pommes de terre » et l’élection du premier gouvernement social-démocrate/libéral, il est libéré à la faveur d’une amnistie. À la veille de la Saint-Jean 1919, Anton Nilsson décroche un permis international de piloter des avions et rejoint le jeune État soviétique, où il devient pilote dans l’Armée rouge. Toute sa vie il est resté un militant et, centenaire, il participait encore à la manifestation du 1er mai à Stockholm, où il s’était installé et où il est enterré.
