We study the effects of domestic conflict and external shocks on Spanish trade policy in the interwar period. Our account mobilizes a new granular dataset on exports and imports, and good-country ...level information on tariffs, trade agreements, and quotas. Into the Depression, the mainstay of policy was the tariff. The establishment of the Second Republic in 1931 was a turning point in policymaking. The new regime initiated bilateral trade negotiations. The Republic’s dilemma was to find countries willing to exchange market access. In a daunting international environment, the Spanish case offers a poignant reminder of the perils of going against the grain.
This book explores the eight-month wave of mutinies that struck the French infantry and navy in 1919. Based on official records and the testimony of dozens of participants, it is the first study to ...try to understand the world of the mutineers. Examining their words for the traces of sensory perceptions, emotions and thought processes, it reveals that the conventional understanding of the mutinies as the result of simple war-weariness and low morale is inadequate. In fact, an emotional gulf separated officers and the ranks, who simply did not speak the same language. The revolt entailed emotional sequences ending in a deep ambivalence and sense of despair or regret. Taking this into account, the book considers how mutineer memories persisted after the events in the face of official censorship, repression and the French Communist Party’s co-option of the mutiny.This book explores the eight-month wave of mutinies that struck the French infantry and navy in 1919. Based on official records and the testimony of dozens of participants, it is the first study to try to understand the world of the mutineers. Examining their words for the traces of sensory perceptions, emotions and thought processes, it reveals that the conventional understanding of the mutinies as the result of simple war-weariness and low morale is inadequate. In fact, an emotional gulf separated officers and the ranks, who simply did not speak the same language. The revolt entailed emotional sequences ending in a deep ambivalence and sense of despair or regret. Taking this into account, the book considers how mutineer memories persisted after the events in the face of official censorship, repression and the French Communist Party’s co-option of the mutiny.
The traditional narrative of the Russian Civil War is one of revolution against counterrevolution, Bolshevik Reds against Tsarist Whites. Liudmila Novikova convincingly demonstrates, however, that ...the struggle was not between a Communist future and a Tsarist past; instead, it was a bloody fight among diverse factions of a modernizing postrevolutionary state. Focusing on the sparsely populated Arkhangelsk region in Northern Russia, she shows that the anti-Bolshevik government there, which held out from 1918 to early 1920, was a revolutionary alternative bolstered by broad popular support.
Novikova draws on declassified archives and sources in both Russia and the West to reveal the White movement in the North as a complex social and political phenomenon with a distinct regional context. She documents the politics of the Northern Government and its relations with the British and American forces who had occupied the ports of Murmansk and Arkhangelsk at the end of World War I. As the civil war continued, the increasing involvement of the local population transformed the conflict into a ferocious people's war until remaining White forces under General Evgenii Miller evacuated the region in February 1920.
Large statistical samples of quasar spectra have previously indicated possible cosmological variations in the fine-structure constant, α. A smaller sample of higher signal-to-noise ratio spectra, ...with dedicated calibration, would allow a detailed test of this evidence. Towards that end, we observed equatorial quasar HS 1549+1919 with three telescopes: the Very Large Telescope, Keck and, for the first time in such analyses, Subaru. By directly comparing these spectra to each other, and by ‘supercalibrating’ them using asteroid and iodine-cell tests, we detected and removed long-range distortions of the quasar spectra's wavelength scales which would have caused significant systematic errors in our α measurements. For each telescope we measure the relative deviation in α from the current laboratory value, Δα/α, in three absorption systems at redshifts z
abs = 1.143, 1.342 and 1.802. The nine measurements of Δα/α are all consistent with zero at the 2σ level, with 1σ statistical (systematic) uncertainties 5.6–24 (1.8–7.0) parts per million (ppm). They are also consistent with each other at the 1σ level, allowing us to form a combined value for each telescope and, finally, a single value for this line of sight: Δα/α = −5.4 ± 3.3stat ± 1.5sys ppm, consistent with both zero and previous, large samples. We also average all Large Programme results measuring Δα/α = −0.6 ± 1.9stat ± 0.9sys ppm. Our results demonstrate the robustness and reliability at the 3 ppm level afforded by supercalibration techniques and direct comparison of spectra from different telescopes.
Asia After Versailles addresses an important but neglected watershed for Asian nations - the response to the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. The Conference marked the end of a conflict which, ...although intrinsically European, had globalized the world on many levels, politically as well as economically, culturally and socially. It also stood at the beginning of a new order that saw the power centre shift towards the US and Asia. Asian countries and people played a significant but so far largely neglected role in this momentous development. Bringing together an international range of experts in the history of China, Japan, India and the Ottoman Empire/Turkey, this pioneering volume demonstrates the importance of Asia in the multifaceted global transformations that revolved around the Paris Peace Conference and its aftermath.
Traditional historical analysis focuses almost exclusively on US and European responses to the Paris Peace Conference and the interwar order and often fails to take into account non-western, particularly Asian voices - this is the first book to demonstrate the far-reaching Asian dimensions of the impact of Versailles in an unprecedented way making this an invaluable and interdisciplinary resource for academics and researchers in the fields of politics, international relations, area studies and history.
Paris 1919: Politiker und Diplomaten stehen vor einer Aufgabe, der sich noch keine Generation zuvor stellen musste: die Schaffung einer globalen Friedensordnung nach dem Ende eines Krieges, der ...erstmals die ganze Welt erfasste. Für die Liberalen am Verhandlungstisch war das Ziel ein Frieden im Zeichen freier Selbstbestimmung demokratischer Nationen. US-Präsident Wilson hatte es verkündet. Die Anhänger der traditionellen Großmachtpolitik hingegen wollten vor allem Entschädigungen für die eigenen Opfer. Und Lenins Bolschewiki propagierten den Weltfrieden durch die Diktatur des Proletariats. Die Vielzahl der Kriegsparteien und Fragen der nationalen "Ehre" erschwerten die Verhandlungen, die sich bis 1923 hinzogen. Von der Glaubwürdigkeit der Friedensbedingungen für Sieger und Besiegte aber hing die Haltbarkeit des Friedens ab. Mit dem Abstand eines Jahrhunderts schildert Klaus Schwabe Verhandler und Verhandlungen, die europäische und weltweite Dimension des Versailler Vertragswerkes und bewertet es neu, indem er die Leistungen und bis heute nachwirkenden Konsequenzen dieses Abkommens herausstellt: Versailles musste nicht von vorn herein scheitern. - 2018/2019: 100 Jahre Kriegsende und Versailler Friedenskonferenz - Die Friedensverträge aus europäischer und globaler Sicht - ,,Schanddiktat" oder Versuch einer demokratischen Zukunft? The author of this study attempts to reassess the Versailles peace settlements. He views them as compromises between liberal-democratic values, as espoused by Woodrow Wilson, traditional realpolitik, and Russian Bolshevism. The prospects of an enduring peace depended on the credibility of the compromises hammered out at the Peace Conferences. On the basis of the available sources and emphasising the personality factor the author, in conclusion, suggests answers to the question regarding the viability of the peace
settlement after World War One.
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