Years after the writer's death, by the Humanitas Publishing House, under the title Journals 1935-1944, its publication being considered the major literary event of 1996. Faithful to Jules Renard's ...diary, which he read and about which he also wrote, Mihail Sebastian is an adept of authenticity and sincerity in diary writing. The fact that it was published more than fifty years after the author's death - a totally unexpected death - without the author having any possibility of processing it, is the best argument in favor of authenticity. Mihail Sebastian's Journal is a mixed type of diary, which captures a complex existence, mirroring the events he participates in, what he does and how he acts, but especially what he feels, being faced with certain situations. Thus, the Journal becomes a space of small history, as Eugen Simion calls insignificant everyday events, but also of big history, which is written as the Second World War starts, unfolds and ends, one of the more significant historical events that humanity has experienced and to which Mihail Sebastian was a witness. This is the reality that Mihail Sebastian experiences, a reality that could undergo a slight transfiguration, caused by the subjective angle from which the events are viewed. It is precisely this inherently subjective angle that, to a greater or lesser extent, makes intimate writing a fiction of nonfiction.
As the only seaport city of the Hungarian Kingdom, Fiume (present day Rijeka, Croatia) was a key area for policies implemented by the central government in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. It was a ...multi-ethnic hub, an economic, social, political and cultural center, and a highly intensive contact zone where people from various parts of world with different interests and aims met. Fiume was a border, a filter, and a frontier. Moreover, it was an important area in the Hungarian state-defense system. Three important factors deserve particular attention. First, that Fiume was physically enclosed within the Croatian Kingdom, and very much as if it had been an enclave, it did not have common borders with Hungary. Second, due to the way the Hungarian government exercised power and devised its strategies to create a support base (and also because of a fear of efforts towards expansion by Slavs), the government created an Italian-speaking political elite that ruled over Fiume. Third, Fiume enjoyed extraordinarily wide municipal autonomy which included the right to maintain public order and security in the city. The local elites wanted to preserve these rights from the encroaching state. My study has two purposes. First, I discuss the main reasons for the establishment of the border police. Why was it such a vital question for the Hungarian state at the national and the local level, and why did Fiume became the most problematic element in this issue? I highlight how and why the problem of the border police emerged as one of the most crucial conflicts in relations between the state and its port city.
The article discusses the under-researched topic of the Albanian troops in the Austro-Hungarian military during World War One. The topic represents a forgotten moment in World War One Balkan ...historiography, and it is also an unstudied colonial example. Based on English, Hungarian, and German archival and secondary sources, the article first provides a short historical description of the Albanian fighting units under the Ottoman Empire, their organization, and their infamously bellicose nature, up until the independence of the country. The paper then analyzes how these units became part of the Great War (despite the fact that the country itself remained neutral) under the Austro-Hungarian Army; first, as irregular fighting troops (Freischärler Albanien) between 1914 and 1916 and later as ethnical regimental units (Albanisches Korps or Albanische Abteilungen) between 1916 and 1918. Finally, the article compares the Albanian troops to other colonial forces of the time, including how these Albanian units were recruited, trained, and used in the battlefields with the purpose of creating a sense of loyalty to the Habsburg Monarchy. The case study of the Albanian Corps is a prime example of how the inability to ensure safety by force in a newly created state met with the geo-strategic and war necessities of a Great Power through colonial martial practices disguised as transnational help.
The Great Persian Famine of 1917-1919 is one of the greatest calamities in the history of Iran. While some scholarly work has explored the causes and dynamics of the famine, less attention has been ...paid to its memorialisation. This paper aims to understand how the Great Persian Famine is remembered - or not - in public and personal spheres in Iran. Discussing the historical events that have been silenced, neglected or publicly recognised and commemorated before and after the Islamic Revolution, the paper focusses on the processes that hinder public and private memorialising of hunger violence. Drawing on existing literature, personal diaries, artistic representations, and interviews with persons whose parents or grandparents experienced the Great Persian Famine, we discuss why it has not figured prominently in the national historiography or commemorative practices, except during a brief period (2008-2013) when it found its way into the prevailing political discourse.
Suūdu’l-Mevlevī is a poet and calligrapher who witnessed the last period of the Ottoman Empire and the first years of the Republic of Turkey. In addition to his father’s contribution, Tahirü’l ...Mevlevī and the cultural environment of Istanbul contributedmuch to his literary capacity. He has also trained himself in calligraphy by taking lessons from the famous calligraphers of his age. Suūdu’l-Mevlevī working as clerk in the Dīvān for twenty years has also taught the calligraphy in madrasahs. He has officiated in Millet Library and Merkez Efendi Mosque. Suūdu’l-Mevlevī has fallowed a group of poetry aggregated under the name of “Encümen-i Şuara”. He has followed in footsteps of Yenişehirli Avnī, the powerful poet of this society. The only work of Suūdu’l-Mevlevī,aggregating all of his poems is Zādegān. He has used the penname of “Suūd” in almost all of his poems. Suūdu’l-Mevlevī has written many qasidah and ghazels. There are 806 poems in Zādegān. 389 of them is ghazels. His love for Mevlānā and Mesnevīis given special room in Zādegān.
The presented historical source is an extremely interesting letter, written in 1957 by a Polish emigrant, who had held a high-ranking position at the Ministry of Labour and Welfare of the Second ...Polish Republic. The author writes to his acquaintance describing his wartime path: arrest by the NKVD in Lithuania, imprisonment, exile to the Altai Krai, then his service for the Polish government-in-exile in Slavgorod, Teheran, Isfahan and Beirut, and finally his passage to England, where he made his home after the war.
In Haj to Utopia, Maia Ramnath tells the dramatic story of Ghadar, the Indian anticolonial movement that attempted overthrow of the British Empire. Founded by South Asian immigrants in California, ...Ghadar—which is translated as "mutiny"—quickly became a global presence in East Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and East Africa. Ramnath brings this epic struggle to life as she traces Ghadar's origins to the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal, its establishment of headquarters in Berkeley, California, and its fostering by anarchists in London, Paris, and Berlin. Linking Britain's declaration of war on Germany in 1914 to Ghadar's declaration of war on Britain, Ramnath vividly recounts how 8,000 rebels were deployed from around the world to take up the battle in Hindustan. Haj to Utopia demonstrates how far-flung freedom fighters managed to articulate a radical new world order out of seemingly contradictory ideas.
Haiti Fights Back: The Life and Legacy of Charlemagne
Péralte is the first US scholarly examination of the
politician and caco leader (guerrilla fighter) who fought
against the US military occupation ...of Haiti. The occupation lasted
close to two decades, from 1915-1934. Alexis argues for the
importance of documenting resistance while exploring the
occupation's mechanics and its imperialism. She takes us to Haiti,
exploring the sites of what she labels as resistance zones,
including Péralte's hometown of Hinche and the nation's large port
areas--Port-au-Prince and Cap-Haïtien. Alexis offers a new reading
of U.S. military archival sources that record Haitian protests as
banditry. Haiti Fights Back illuminates how Péralte
launched a political movement, and meticulously captures how
Haitian women and men resisted occupation through silence, military
battles, and writings. She locates and assembles rare, multilingual
primary sources from traditional repositories, living archives
(oral stories), and artistic representations in Haiti and the
United States. The interdisciplinary work draws on legislation,
cacos' letters, newspapers, and murals, offering a unique
examination of Péralte's life (1885-1919) and the significance of
his legacy through the twenty-first century. Haiti Fights
Back offers a new approach to the study of the U.S. invasion
of the Americas by chronicling how Caribbean people fought back.
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