The article analyzes freethinker cemeteries established and functioning in Lithuania in the 1920s and 1930s. Te article introduces the Freethinker Ethical Culture Society, which was the initiator of ...the Free-Tinker Cemetery. It is emphasized that one of the main ways of disseminating the ideas of this community was the need to have a freethinker cemetery. Based on the information available in the sources, the context, causes and circumstances of the establishment of such cemeteries are discussed. Te functioning of freethinker cemeteries and public reactions to them are analyzed. Te article highlights the personalities that contributed the most to the establishment of free cemeteries in Lithuania. Te study reveals that dozens of freethinker cemeteries have been set up in various parts of Lithuania at the initiative of the Freethinker community during the two decades of Lithuanian independence. Te establishment of this type of cemetery was routinely opposed by both the local government and the Catholic community. No fewer problems were encountered after the cemetery was set up – interruptions in funerals and devastation of the cemetery.
In this essay, I look for answers to the following three questions: to what extent did the borders of Hungary after the 1920 Treaty of Trianon overlap with borders of structural development in 1910 ...and in 1930; what does the term “development” mean when we are talking about the Carpathian Basin; and how did geographical differences in standards of living change in the territories under discussion over the course of these two decades. To some extent, the new political borders which were drawn in 1920 in the Carpathian Basin overlapped with the borders which reflected the different levels and patterns of development in the region. This is a consideration which has been given little attention in the secondary literature in Hungary. The developmental structure of the Carpathian Basin in 1910 can be mapped using the GISta Hungarorum Database. One discerns in this structure a major line of development. Within this line, one finds an area in which the level of development was higher than average and, in some places, considerably higher than average. Another distinctive feature of this area was that is had several centers, and this fact was of particular importance from the perspective of the Treaty of Trianon and its alleged consequences. In recent years, groundbreaking research on economic history has persuasively shown that Hungary managed to recover economically relatively quickly after 1920. Numerous factors played a role in this recovery. One of the more decisive, I argue in this study, was the geographical developmental structure of Trianon Hungary, which had several centers. Although the territory of Trianon Hungary was considerably more developed than other areas of the Carpathian Basin, it is quite clear that the economic fault lines which existed after Trianon had in fact existed before Trianon too, and the internal peripheral areas had already formed (and remained essentially unchanged throughout the interwar period). Thus, the Treaty of Trianon did not play any role in the emergence of formation of these areas. The treaty may well have had grave consequences for the country and region, but the developmental geographical structure of Hungary in the interwar period, which ultimately exerted a shaping influence on development in Hungary for the rest of the twentieth century, was not a result of Trianon.
Prag und Wien Wieser, Bernd
Austrian law journal,
12/2022, Letnik:
9, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Auf dem Boden der österreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie ist nach 1918 eine Reihe von Einzelstaaten entstanden. Diese mussten sich neue Verfassungen geben. Der vorliegende Beitrag vergleicht in ...Grundzügen die Verfassung der Tschechoslowakischen Republik aus 1920 mit der österreichischen Bundesverfassung aus 1920. Fundstelle: Wieser, Prag und Wien, ALJ 2022, 39-45 ( http://alj.uni-graz.at/index.php/alj/article/view/184 ).
After 1918, a number of individual states emerged from the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. These had to give themselves new constitutions. This article compares the constitution of the Czechoslovak Republic from 1920 with the Austrian federal constitution from 1920.
Prag und Wien Wieser, Bernd
Austrian law journal,
11/2022, Letnik:
9, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Auf dem Boden der österreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie ist nach 1918 eine Reihe von Einzelstaaten entstanden. Diese mussten sich neue Verfassungen geben. Der vorliegende Beitrag vergleicht in ...Grundzügen die Verfassung der Tschechoslowakischen Republik aus 1920 mit der österreichischen Bundesverfassung aus 1920. Fundstelle: Wieser, Prag und Wien, ALJ 2022, 39-45 ( http://alj.uni-graz.at/index.php/alj/article/view/184 ).
After 1918, a number of individual states emerged from the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. These had to give themselves new constitutions. This article compares the constitution of the Czechoslovak Republic from 1920 with the Austrian federal constitution from 1920.
Resumo A primeira medida tomada por Sampaio Doria quando assumiu a Direção Geral de Instrução Pública de São Paulo, em 1920, foi promover o recenseamento escolar das crianças entre 6 e 12 anos, com o ...objetivo de saber quantas crianças eram analfabetas, onde elas moravam e quais as condições da região em que moravam. Tomando o recenseamento escolar de 1920 como objeto, este artigo tem como objetivo analisar o papel que a imprensa paulista desempenhou ao promover uma campanha cívica do recenseamento, interferindo na produção do fato. Analisa-se o modo como a imprensa divulgou o recenseamento entre junho e setembro, entendendo-a como sujeito da história, que agenda, seleciona, registra e comenta assuntos da esfera pública. Tem-se a hipótese de que o efeito social promovido pela cobertura da imprensa auxiliou a alavancar a Reforma de 1920, ao agendar o analfabetismo e inflar sua visibilidade. Constituem o corpus documental deste artigo publicações nos jornais Correio Paulistano, O Estado de S. Paulo e Jornal do Commercio. Para análise dos documentos, utiliza-se como referencial teórico-metodológico a teoria do agendamento, segundo a qual o efeito mais decisivo que os meios de comunicação geram no debate é a própria pauta. Conclui-se que a divulgação do recenseamento escolar pela imprensa amplificou a denúncia do analfabetismo. Ao acompanhar a ação governamental do recenseamento escolar, a imprensa agendou o tema do analfabetismo, alardeando-o com imagens, em concordância com as atividades executadas pelo governo.
The introduction of the tram into the lives of the people of İstanbul as a modern form of transportation has generated a change in some behavioral patterns. The use of local trams have caused the ...people living together in the same neighborhoods, rich and poor, side by side in the Ottoman Capital to be faced with a new consumption behavior in which they were classified according to their economic status. The privilege of traveling in first class by paying more has played an important role in the economic based separation of parts of society. The analysis of the distribution of tram travels according to the passengers classes and the comparison of the differences between the districts provided substantial data about the social structure and economic conditions of the period. Between the years of 1920-1930, when first and second class trams were formed the backbone of public transportation in İstanbul, the performance of the Tram Company was determined by the comfort standards of passengers which were differed according to their classes. The trams which constituted the main routes of İstanbul throughout their working period, were evaluated separately and were analyzed comperatively. The issues such as the tram lines that were repeatedly opened and closed, the routes where the first class vehicles were insistently removed and the question of whether the use of first class vehicles were used by preference or by necessity have been examined in the light of documents and data.
The article reviews the activities of the “Iron Wolf” of the Lithuanian National Guard in 1927–1930. The main focus is on the Kaunas group of this organization, reviewing the activities of opposition ...organizations, the tracking of public institution employees and the formation of nationalist organizations and a bureaucratic apparatus loyal to the nationalists (tautininkai). Based on the archival material, which has so far been little systematically used in the scientific literature, the efforts of the post-coup regime of A. Smetona and A. Voldemaras to establish themselves in power are revealed.
The article addresses the problem of investigating the evolutionary paradigm of the sonata for violin and piano in the Romanian compositional creation of the first half of the twentieth century, ...analyzing the work of the famous representative of the pleiad of Romanian composers of the Postenescu generation, European personality - Constantin Silvestri. His creation - Sonata II for violin and piano (1939), composed at the end of the interwar period, at the confluence of the '30s and' 40s, revealing a complex emotional and imagistic spectrum, contrasting, generated by the striking antagonism between aspirations to the ideal and ruin of illusions, allegorically transfigures the incandescent atmosphere around World War II. The language of the work presents a stylistic symbiosis distinct from heterogeneous elements: romantic, expressionist, as well as folk resonance.
Abstract
The article is an analysis of: 1) the Kiev operation from late April and early May 1920, 2) Tukhachevsky’s first offensive in May 1920, 3) Tukhachevsky’s second offensive launched in July ...1920. All the three operations were attempts at undertaking strategic and operational initiative during the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1920. The first offensive pertained to the Polish army, in the subsequent two cases it was the Soviet Western Front. Tukhachevsky’s second offensive resulted in the battle of the Bug in late July and early August 1920. By discussing each of the operations, the author presents the fighting potential of the armies involved, the tactical and operational goals, the course of the fighting, the turning points, both parties’ planning mistakes and the consequences of the operations.
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