Biplanes at War Johnson, Wray R; Stoll, George
03/2019
eBook
Unlike the relative uniformity of conventional warfare, the peculiarities of small wars prevent a clear definition of rules and roles for military forces to follow. During the small wars era, ...aviation was still in its infancy, and the US military had only recently begun battling in the skies. The US Marine Corps recognized that flexibility and ingenuity would be critical to the successful conduct of small wars and thus employed the new technology of aviation.
InBiplanes at War: US Marine Corps Aviation in the Small Wars Era, 1915--1934, author Wray R. Johnson provides a riveting history of the marines' use of aviation between the world wars, a time in which young soldiers were volunteering to fly in combat when flying itself was a dangerous feat. Starting with Haiti in 1915, Biplanes at War follows the marines' aviation experiences in Haiti, the Dominican Republic, China, and Nicaragua, chronicling how marines used aircraft to provide supporting fires (e.g., dive-bombing) to ground troops in close contact with irregular opponents, evacuate the sick and wounded, transport people and cargo (e.g., to assist humanitarian operations), and even support elections in furtherance of democracy.
After years of expanding the capabilities of airplanes far beyond what was deemed possible, the small wars era ended, and the US Marines Corps transitioned into an amphibious assault force. The legacy of the marines' ability to adapt and innovate during the small wars era endures and provides a useful case study.Biplanes at Warsheds light on how the marines pioneered roles and missions that have become commonplace for air forces today, an accomplishment that has largely gone unrecognized in mainstream histories of aviation and air power.
Between 1926 and 1929, thousands of Mexicans fought and died in an attempt to overthrow the government of their country. They were the Cristeros, so called because of their battle cry, ¡Viva Cristo ...Rey!—Long Live Christ the King! The Cristero rebellion and the church-state conflict remain one of the most controversial subjects in Mexican history, and much of the writing on it is emotional polemic. David C. Bailey, basing his study on the most important published and unpublished sources available, strikes a balance between objective reporting and analysis. This book depicts a national calamity in which sincere people followed their convictions to often tragic ends. The Cristero rebellion climaxed a century of animosity between the Catholic church and the Mexican state, and this background is briefly summarized here. With the coming of the 1910 revolution the hostility intensified. The revolutionists sought to impose severe limitations on the Church, and Catholic anti-revolutionary militancy grew apace. When the government in 1926 decreed strict enforcement of anticlerical legislation, matters reached a crisis. Church authorities suspended public worship throughout Mexico, and Catholics in various parts of the country rose up in arms. There followed almost three years of indecisive guerrilla warfare marked by brutal excesses on both sides. Bailey describes the armed struggle in broad outline but concentrates on the political and diplomatic maneuvering that ultimately decided the issue. A de facto settlement was brought about in 1929, based on the government’s pledge to allow the Church to perform its spiritual offices under its own internal discipline. The pact was arranged mainly through the intercession of U.S. Ambassador Dwight Morrow. His role in the conflict, as well as that of other Americans who decisively influenced the course of events, receives detailed attention in the study. The position of the Vatican during the conflict and its role in the settlement are also examined in detail. With the 1929 settlement the clergy returned to the churches, whereupon the Cristeros lost public support and the rebellion collapsed. The spirit of the settlement soon evaporated, more strife followed, and only after another decade did permanent religious peace come to Mexico.
Masones y cristeros en Jalisco estudia cómo la masonería apoyó al gobierno mexicano en su lucha contra la Iglesia católica, tal como lo explicó el presidente Emilio Portes Gil en una célebre reunión ...con algunos de los más conspicuos masones para justificar los arreglos que dieron fin a ese conflicto, cuando destacó que en los gobiernos mexicanos a partir de la Reforma se ncontraba la masonería. Dada la importancia del tema invita a una investigación mayor, sobre todo en los archivos masónicos jaliscienses, fuente de difícil acceso. Esta Jornada es un adelanto de Cristeros y agraristas en Jalisco, obra en tres volúmenes, los dos primeros en prensa y el tercero en proceso de elaboración.
Mars Learning Bickel, Keith B.
2001, 20180309, 2018, 2018-03-09
eBook
Keith B. Bickel challenges a host of military and strategic theories that treat particular bureaucratic structures, large organizations, and elites as the progenitors of doctrine. This timely study ...of how the military draws lessons from interventions focuses on the overlooked role that mid-level combat officers play in creating military doctrine. Mars Learning closely evaluates Marine civil and military pacification operations in Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Nicaragua, and illuminates the debates surrounding the development of Marine Corps' small wars doctrine between 1915 and 1940. The result is compelling evidence of how field experience obtained before 1940 played a role in shaping the Marine Corps' Small Wars Manual and elements of doctrine that exist today. How the Marines organized lessons at that time provides important insights into how doctrine is likely to be generated today in response to post-Cold War interventions around the globe.
"Washington is called the father of his country; the same may be said of Bol!var and Hidalgo; but I am only a bandit, according to the yardstick by which the strong and the weak are ...measured."--Augusto C. Sandino.
For the first time in English, here are the impassioned words of the remarkable Nicaraguan hero and martyr Augusto C. Sandino, for whom the recent revolutionary regime was named. From 1927 until 1933 American Marines fought a bitter jungle war in Nicaragua, with Sandino as their guerrilla foe. This artisan and farmer turned soldier was an unexpectedly formidable military threat to one of the succession of regimes that the United States had imposed on that country beginning in 1909. He was also the creator of a deeply patriotic language of protest--eloquent, often naive, sometimes cruel, and always defiant. The documents in this volume, presented chronologically, constitute a spontaneous autobiography, a record not only of Sandino's adventurous life but also of a crucial and often overlooked aspect of the relationship between Nicaragua and the United States.
Emblematic of the deep-rooted U.S. entanglement in Nicaraguan affairs is the fact that Anastasio Somoza, who assassinated Sandino in 1934, was the father of the Somoza overthrown by the Sandinistas in 1979. By 1933 Sandino's guerrilla army had at last forced the departure of the American Marines from Nicaragua, and in that same year he had negotiated a peace agreement with the new president, Juan Bautista Sacasa. Sacasa granted Sandino and a hundred followers a large tract of government land to establish an agricultural cooperative, and Sandino agreed to partial disarmament of of his men. But a year later he was seized near the presidential mansion by solders of Somoza's National Guard and assassinated with two of his generals. The National Guard then attacked and destroyed his cooperative.
Both before and after Sandino's brutal assassination, Somoza tried to discredit the idiosyncratic blend of political, religious, and theosophical ideas through which Sandino inspired his soldiers. Included among the documents here are expressions not only of Sandino's military preoccupations and of his philosophy but also of his practical concerns about worker organization and legislation, the rights of women and children, the protection and development of Nicaragua's Indians, Central American unification, construction of a Nicaraguan canal for the benefit of Nicaraguans and the world in general, Indo-Hispanic cooperation, and land reform. This work, which is based on the two-volume Spanish edition compiled by Sergio Ramirez, includes an introduction by Robert Conrad setting Sandino's life in historical context.
Originally published in 1990.
ThePrinceton Legacy Libraryuses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
This book examines Vatican policy towards Catholic social and political movements in Mexico and Chile in the 1920s and 1930s. The first book length treatment of the subject to use Vatican archival ...sources, it argues that conflict within the Church between Vatican officials, bishops, and lay Catholics influenced Catholic social and political participation in the public sphere in Mexico and Chile. Both countries experienced similar conflicts between Church and state during the 1920s and 1930s; in Mexico, this led to the violent Cristero Rebellion (1926–1929). In Chile, Church and state were separated in 1925 after the promulgation of a new Constitution. Lay activists increasingly entered the realm of party politics to block secularization, while the Vatican sought to limit confessional politics so as not to inflame Church–state conflicts. To do so, Rome developed an organization known as Catholic Action, which officially mandated a separation between Catholic political and religious activism within the movement. The book contends that the Vatican’s discourse on politics influenced a generation of young socially engaged activists in their own desire to build a wall of separation between the hierarchy and nascent Christian Democratic parties in the region. This book tells the story of transnational Catholic political activism, which developed symbiotically across continents, intimately connected by a desire to battle secularization and provide a Catholic response to the social tumult associated with contemporary society. This work emphasizes the importance of Rome in the construction of Catholic political activism globally before the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965).
Časopis Enotnost, glasilo Komunistične partije Jugoslavije v Sloveniji, je izhajal kot tednik v Ljubljani. Med uredniki so bili med drugimi tudi France Klopčič, Dušan Kermavner, Dragotin Gustinčič, ...med sodelavci pa Mile Klopčič, Lovro Kuhar, Ivan Grohar, Bratko Kreft, Tone Čufar... Enotnost se je zavzemala za enotnost delavskega strokovnega in političnega gibanja, posvečala pozornost tudi delavski kulturi in opozarjala na nevarnost vojaške diktature
Časopis Enotnost, glasilo Komunistične partije Jugoslavije v Sloveniji, je izhajal kot tednik v Ljubljani. Med uredniki so bili med drugimi tudi France Klopčič, Dušan Kermavner, Dragotin Gustinčič, ...med sodelavci pa Mile Klopčič, Lovro Kuhar, Ivan Grohar, Bratko Kreft, Tone Čufar... Enotnost se je zavzemala za enotnost delavskega strokovnega in političnega gibanja, posvečala pozornost tudi delavski kulturi in opozarjala na nevarnost vojaške diktature
Časopis Enotnost, glasilo Komunistične partije Jugoslavije v Sloveniji, je izhajal kot tednik v Ljubljani. Med uredniki so bili med drugimi tudi France Klopčič, Dušan Kermavner, Dragotin Gustinčič, ...med sodelavci pa Mile Klopčič, Lovro Kuhar, Ivan Grohar, Bratko Kreft, Tone Čufar... Enotnost se je zavzemala za enotnost delavskega strokovnega in političnega gibanja, posvečala pozornost tudi delavski kulturi in opozarjala na nevarnost vojaške diktature
Časopis Enotnost, glasilo Komunistične partije Jugoslavije v Sloveniji, je izhajal kot tednik v Ljubljani. Med uredniki so bili med drugimi tudi France Klopčič, Dušan Kermavner, Dragotin Gustinčič, ...med sodelavci pa Mile Klopčič, Lovro Kuhar, Ivan Grohar, Bratko Kreft, Tone Čufar... Enotnost se je zavzemala za enotnost delavskega strokovnega in političnega gibanja, posvečala pozornost tudi delavski kulturi in opozarjala na nevarnost vojaške diktature
