The history of the Czechoslovak military unit in Poland, its engagement in the defence of Poland in September 1939, its capture by the Red Army and time in the Soviet Union between 1939 and 1941 has ...been given special attention not only by Czech, but also by Polish and Russian historiographers since the 1960s. Nevertheless, the potential for researching this issue has not been completely exhausted. One of the areas where inaccurate or misleading data has been carried over for years is the question of the unit’s personnel, especially after its capture by the Red Army. The study aims to eliminate, or at least clarify, these inaccuracies using a detailed analysis of primary resources from a personnel perspective that have not been fully used. The research succeeded in reconstructing the numbers of Czechoslovak soldiers who managed to reach Romanian territory in September 1939 or later, specifying the number of transports of soldiers released in 1939 and 1940 to Czechoslovak military units in France and the Middle East, identifying a group of those who decided to collaborate with the Soviet regime and deserted or were expelled from the ranks of Czechoslovak foreign armies, and especially those who fell victim to NKVD repression and were imprisoned in the Gulag. A group of soldiers who disappeared within the Soviet Union without a trace was also defined in a basic way.
Fashion is not only a form of aesthetic understanding, but also a socio-cultural phenomenon that contains strong connotations, takes shape by being influenced by many areas and is constantly ...changing. Particularly, the effects of world war period, during which great crises were experienced, on fashion and clothing brought along a formal and aesthetic transformation in women's clothing, as well as a number of obligatory sociological effects. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the reflection of war on women's image, fashion and clothing by examining the covers of World War II period semiotically. At the same time, it was tried to determine how fashion was shaped by the effect of the period, together with its symbols and connotations. The population of the study consists of 143 Vogue magazine covers published during the Second World War. The sample was determined by the purposeful sampling method, with a total of three magazine covers, one from 1942, 1943 and 1944, when the United States was active in the war. In the study, Vogue magazine covers were examined semiotically through Roland Barthes' semiological scheme, the connotations of the women's photographs on the cover were interpreted through cultural codes, and the written signs were, on the other hand, interpreted by examining the slogans on the cover. The effect of the period on the fashion and dressing sense were studied through the interweaving theory that had been adapted from the intertextuality theory to fashion and created by T. F. Broden. As a result, it has been observed that the image of women on Vogue magazine covers reflects a patriotic, benevolent, peaceful, self-sacrificing woman, who is at least as active as men during the war and has a voice, ready for duty, and a strong woman.
Bobstyle is the term that represents the dandyish dressing style in the 1940s and those who adopt this dressing style. As a fashion cycle of the pervasion of cinema in Turkey, it emerged when young ...people in metropolitan cities imitated Hollywood actors in terms of clothing, attitude and behavior. The aim of this study is to define the distinctive features of the bobstyle fashion, to examine bobstyles with their roles in social life and their reflections on literature. The main sources of the study are literary texts and the editorial narration in the periodical publications of the period and the opinion columns about bobstyle fashion. As a result of the classification and analyses, firstly, the source of the bobstyle fashion, the accusations made over the snob type from the Tanzimat, the exterior appearance of the bobstyles and the emotional worlds were explained. Then, it is highlighted how bobstyle is manifested to literature in terms of both concept and type. The findings from the study revealed the effects of bobstyle from social life to literature. In the literature discussions in the 1940s, the poets who rejected the tradition and emerged with new works were called “bobstyle poet”, the strange welcoming poems were called “bobstyle poetry.” In fictional texts, two types of bobstyles were encountered. First is the bobstyle poets who are interested in art and who write poems that are devoid of meaning. Second is the young snob who has a degenerated nature with his physical appearance and inner word. The study will contribute to the history of literature in terms of highlighting the relationship between fashion and literature and determining the new look of the European snob type.
Bosnia and Herzegovina was a distinctly agrarian country before World War II. As many as 84.10% of the population lived from agriculture, forestry and fishing. From industry, mining and crafts, 6.70% ...lived, trade, loans and traffic 3.10%, public services, the liberal professions and the military 3.60%, and other occupations 2.50% population. In World War II, Bosnia and Herzegovina suffered enormous human and material losses. The economy was almost completely destroyed. During the war, 130 major industrial enterprises and 24 mines, 95 sawmills that had 209 gaters were destroyed or damaged, and almost all traffic communications. Most of the agricultural inventory was destroyed and the livestock stock reduced by more than 70%. The school buildings were also spared no destruction. As many as 904, out of 1,043 school buildings, were destroyed and ineligible for teaching. Economic goods destroyed and exploited all military formations, but most of all the German and Italian armies.
The article is focused on one of the episodes of the Soviet-Polish relations during the World War II (the Great Patriotic War) – a reception (banquet) at the Catherine Hall of the Grand Kremlin ...Palace in honour of the Prime-Minister of the Polish Government in exile Władysław Sikorski with the participation of Joseph Stalin. In this article, the details of the preparation are described by the Soviet side for the visit of the Prime Minister of the Polish Government to the USSR, where this reception took place. Special attention in the article is devoted to the activities of the People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs, its Protocol Department for specifying the date of the banquet, the drawing up a list of the participants from the Soviet and Polish sides, and seating order at the table. In the article the peculiarities of the reception ceremony on December 4, 1941 are revealed along with the list of the dishes served. The conclusion of the article emphasises the exclusive character of this dinner. The main sources for the article were the materials of the Archives of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation, as well as the memoirs of the members of the Polish delegation participating in this feast.
Artykuł opowiada losy powojennej edycji wierszy Krzysztofa Kamila Baczyńskiego zatytułowanej Śpiew z pożogi (1947). Książka przygotowana przez Stefanię Baczyńską i Kazimierza Wykę w swoim układzie ...całkowicie odbiegała od pozostawionej tuż przed wybuchem powstania autoryzowanej wersji Śpiewu z pożogi, który miał być pierwszym oficjalnym debiutem poetyckim Baczyńskiego. W artykule rozważany jest wpływ późniejszej całościowej edycji Utworów zebranych i na recepcję poezji Baczyńskiego, i na ustalenie w świadomości literackiej wizerunku poety.
This paper deals with the restitution provided to Hungarian Holocaust survivors by the Government Commission for Abandoned Property, in the first post-war years (1945–1948). This commission was the ...first national institution, which handled and took care of the assets of Holocaust victims and which was supposed to give compensation to the survivors. By investigating the cases conducted by the local representatives of the institution, this paper gives insight into certain aspects of Jewish–non-Jewish relations after the war, as well as how these relations and the restitution process were affected by other actors, such as the government commission itself, the political parties and the government. Additionally, the attitude of the most important Jewish associations toward the government commission is also scrutinized.
Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2008 with a literary production marked by a mixture of several traits of different literary movements in the 20th century. ...In his work Étoile Errante (Wandering Star), Le Clézio sheds light on a double human drama marked by exodus, suffering, and the uncertainty of fate. While reflecting the true complexity of the human's dimension in this conflict, the story of Nejma and Esther proves to us that war, fueled by hatred and intolerance towards others, brings the two heroines together more than it divides them; it unites them by a kind of equality of misfortune and suffering. In this study, we will touch the importance of writers' role as spokespersons in human society. However, the main objective will be to present the theme of the "Témoignage" (Testimony) in Étoile Errante (Wandering Star) and to try to analyze its power from these two points of view: On the one hand, the power of testimony to denounce the outraged zeal and the unjustifiable attachments (religious, political, ideological, ethnic, etc.), which can generate tragedies in human societies. On the other hand, the power of testimony to make the voices of these tragedies' victims, who are often oppressed because of political, religious, ideological intolerance, heard.
El estudio aborda el universo sensorial de la poesía de Cyr a través de los paradigmas de la neurofisiología de la percepción visual y motora y de la fenomenología del movimiento. Concretamente, las ...nociones de «perceptos visuales» y «representaciones visuomotoras» se examinan en el texto atendiendo a las singularidades específicas del lenguaje poético de Gilles Cyr, donde la relación del cuerpo con lo desconocido también ocupa un lugar relevante. Del mismo modo, la distinción entre «visión epistemica» y «no-epistémica» se tiene en cuenta a lo largo de este trabajo. El análisis considera las reflexiones de la crítica literaria relativas al tratamiento del espacio y del movimiento tanto como al nivel epistemológico de esta poesía.
The subject of the study is the fate of Lviv booksellers who were dispersed across the whole Poland within its new borders as a result of repatriation. Some of them went to the Recovered Territories ...(mainly to Wrocaw, Bytom, Gliwice, Gdask, and Opole), while others went to ód, Cracow, and Warsaw. The end of the Lviv bookmaking era began during the Soviet occupation when large companies were nationalised and replaced with state-owned companies based on publishing houses, bookstores, and printing houses taken from their owners. Welldeserved establishments disappeared from the market. Under the German occupation, there were only four legal publishing houses offering books in Polish. In post-war Poland, the situation of Lviv booksellers who tried to reactivate their activities was difficult. Limitations on the amount of property possible to carry along meant that only a few managed to take scarce book collections, while the rest had to start from scratch. They established small bookstores and stationery stores and undertook publishing activities. Some of them took jobs in state institutions, encouraged by good financial conditions and managerial positions. Those who wanted to remain in the profession had to undergo verification by the Polish Booksellers Association. The preserved documentation of the work of the Commission is a valuable source for research on the beginnings of the reconstruction of the publishing and bookkeeping movement in post-war Poland and the fate of Polish booksellers during World War II.
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