The existence of postinfection irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS) has been substantiated by epidemiology studies conducted in diverse geographic and clinical settings. However, the available evidence ...has not been well summarized, and there is little guidance for diagnosis and treatment of PI-IBS. The ROME Foundation has produced a working team report to summarize the available evidence on the pathophysiology of PI-IBS and provide guidance for diagnosis and treatment, based on findings reported in the literature and clinical experience.
The working team conducted an evidence-based review of publication databases for articles describing the clinical features (diagnosis), pathophysiology (intestinal sensorimotor function, microbiota, immune dysregulation, barrier dysfunction, enteroendocrine pathways, and genetics), and animal models of PI-IBS. We used a Delphi-based consensus system to create guidelines for management of PI-IBS and a developed treatment algorithm based on published findings and experiences of team members.
PI-IBS develops in about 10% of patients with infectious enteritis. Risk factors include female sex, younger age, psychological distress during or before acute gastroenteritis, and severity of the acute episode. The pathogenesis of PI-PBS appears to involve changes in the intestinal microbiome as well as epithelial, serotonergic, and immune system factors. However, these mechanisms are incompletely understood. There are no evidence-based, effective pharmacologic strategies for treatment of PI-IBS. We provide a consensus-based treatment algorithm, based on clinical presentation and potential disease mechanisms.
Based on a systematic review of the literature and team experience, we summarize the clinical features, pathophysiology (from animal models and human studies), and progression of PI-IBS. Based on these findings, we present an algorithm for diagnosis and treatment of PI-IBS based on team consensus. We also propose areas for future investigation.
Abstract
This article suggests that themes in Williams’ (2023) analysis of attention and contemplation resonate powerfully with current thinking in cognitive science. By changing how we pay ...attention, we can change the shape, or underlying configuration, of the heart‐mind. This is the core process in mindfulness and contemplation. The Interacting Cognitive Subsystems (ICS) analysis suggests this involves a shift in the balance between conceptual knowing and holistic‐intuitive knowing.
In order to profile the lipidome for untargeted lipidomics applications, analysis by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography – high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) typically requires ...the extraction of lipid content from sample matrices using matrix-specific conditions. The Folch, Bligh-Dyer, and Matyash extraction methods, while promising approaches, were originally tailored to specific matrices (brain tissue, fish muscle, and E. coli, respectively). Each of these methods have specific solvent ratios that must be adhered to achieve optimal extraction. Thus, the sample-to-solvent ratios for these methods should be optimized for the sample matrix of interest prior to employment. This study evaluated the appropriate sample-to-extraction solvent ratios for human plasma-based lipidomics studies. An advantage of employing biphasic lipid extractions is the ability to investigate both the aqueous and organic layers for increased analyte coverage in untargeted studies. Therefore, this work also evaluated the multi-omic capability of each lipid extraction method for plasma in an effort to provide a workflow capable of increasing analyte coverage in a single extraction, thus providing a more complete understanding of complex biological systems. In plasma, a decrease in sample-to-solvent ratios from 1:4, 1:10, 1:20, to 1:100 (v/v) resulted in a gradual increase in the peak area of a diverse range of metabolite (aqueous layer) and lipid (organic layer) species for each extraction method up to the 1:20(v/v) sample-to-solvent ratio. The Bligh-Dyer and Folch methods yielded the highest peak areas at every plasma sample-to-solvent ratios for both metabolite and lipid species. Depending on the lipid class of interest, the Folch or Bligh-Dyer method is best suited for analysis of human plasma at a 1:20 (v/v) sample to total solvent ratio.
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•Evaluated sample-to-solvent ratios for plasma lipid extractions.•Evaluated the applicability of plasma multi-omic analysis for the Bligh-Dyer, Folch, and Matyash lipid extraction methods.•Plasma sample-to-solvent ratios of 1:20 (v/v) are ideal for multi-omics analysis with the Folch and Bligh-Dyer methods.•The Folch and Bligh-Dyer (aqueous layer from the 1:20 (v/v) ratio) yielded similar results to an 80% methanol extraction.
Multiple Modernities Eisenstadt, Shmuel N
2002, 20170929, 2017-09-29
eBook, Book
How may we characterize contemporary society in a world so complex? Can looking at the diverse paths followed by various cultures in the modern world generate useful new social scientific typologies, ...or must a different set of questions be posed in this era of globalization? What, in short, is the nature of modernity? These are some of the questions addressed by the contributors to Multiple Modernities.Following the theme in an earlier work edited by Shmuel Eisenstadt, Public Spheres and Collective Identities, this book challenges conventional notions of how the world has changed politically, socially, and economically. The authors consider the meaning of modernity in contexts as different as communist Russia, modern India, the Muslim world, Latin America, China and East Asia, and the United States. Miscegenation, transnational migration, technological developments, and changing communications have shifted the ground on which theories of society were once built; political system, diaspora groups, religion, and ""classical"" theories of modernity have to be reconsidered in a new context.Authors and chapters include: S.N. Eisenstadt, ""Multiple Modernities""; Bjrn Wittrock, ""Modernity: One, None, or Many? European Origins and Modernity as a Global Condition""; Johann P. Arnason, ""Communism and Modernity""; Nilfer Gle, ""Snapshots of Islamic Modernities""; Dale F. Eickelman, ""Island and the Languages of Modernity""; Sudipta Kaviraj, ""Modernity and Politics in India""; Stanley J. Tambiah, ""Transnational Movements, Diaspora, and Multiple Modernities""; Tu Weiming, ""Implications of the Jrise of 'Confucian' East Asia""; Jrgen Heideking, ""The Pattern of American Modernity from the Revolution to the Civil War""; and Renato Ortiz, ""From Incomplete Modernity to World Modernity.""Written in clear and non-technical language for both a scholarly and general audience, this volume confronts the problem of just what constitutes the common core of modernit
Signaling lipids (SLs) play a crucial role in various signaling pathways, featuring diverse lipid backbone structures. Emerging evidence showing the biological significance and biomedical values of ...SLs has strongly spurred the advancement of analytical approaches aimed at profiling SLs. Nevertheless, the dramatic differences in endogenous abundances across lipid classes as well as multiple isomers within the same lipid class makes the development of a generic analytical method challenging. A better analytical method that combines comprehensive coverage and high sensitivity is needed to enable us to gain a deeper understanding of the biochemistry of these molecules in health and disease. In this study, we developed a fast and comprehensive targeted ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method for profiling SLs. The platform enables analyses of 260 metabolites covering oxylipins (isoprostanes, prostaglandins and other oxidized lipids), free fatty acids, lysophospholipids, sphingoid bases (C16, C18), platelet activating factors (C16, C18), endocannabinoids and bile acids. Various validation parameters including linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, extraction recovery, matrix effect, intra-day and inter-day precision were used to characterize this method. Metabolite quantitation was successfully achieved in both NIST Standard Reference Material for human plasma (NIST SRM 1950) and pooled human plasma, with 109 and 144 metabolites quantitated. The quantitation results in NIST SRM 1950 plasma demonstrated good correlations with certified or previously reported values in published literature. This study introduced quantitative data for 37 SLs for the first time. Metabolite concentrations measured in NIST SRM 1950 will serve as essential reference data for facilitating interlaboratory comparisons. The methodology established here will be the cornerstone for in-depth profiling of signaling lipids across diverse biological samples and contexts.
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•Optimization of sample preparation strategy enabling fast and simultaneous extraction of polar lipids.•Tailored chromatographic separation of diverse signaling lipid classes.•A comprehensive UHPLC-MS/MS method targeting 261 signaling lipids.•Significant sensitivity improvement for prostanoids, leukotrienes and specialized pro-resolving mediators.•Metabolite quantitation in NIST Standard Reference Material for human plasma (NIST SRM 1950).
Out of the Crazywoods is the riveting and insightful story of Abenaki poet Cheryl Savageau's late-life diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Without sensationalizing, she takes the reader inside the ...experience of a rapid-cycling variant of the disorder, providing a lens through which to understand it and a road map for navigating the illness. The structure of her story-impressionistic, fragmented-is an embodiment of the bipolar experience and a way of perceiving the world. Out of the Crazywoods takes the reader into the euphoria of mania as well as its ugly, agitated rage and into "the lying down of desire" that is depression. Savageau articulates the joy of being consort to a god and the terror of being chased by witchcraft, the sound of voices that are always chattering in your head, the smell of wet ashes that invades your home, the perception that people are moving in slow motion and death lurks at every turnpike, and the feeling of being loved by the universe and despised by everyone you've ever known. Central to the journey out of the Crazywoods is the sensitive child who becomes a poet and writer who finds clarity in her art and a reason to heal in her grandchildren. Her journey reveals the stigma and the social, personal, and economic consequences of the illness but reminds us that the disease is not the person. Grounded in Abenaki culture, Savageau questions cultural definitions of madness and charts a path to recovery through a combination of medications, psychotherapy, and ceremony.
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