"Democracy and Displacement in Colombia's Civil Waroffers novel and important research on how and why violence is deployed during civil wars."-Winifred Tate, author ofDrugs, Thugs and Diplomats
..."Democracy and Displacement in Colombia's Civil Warhas all of the hallmarks of a classic work on forced migration and Colombian politics. It is a pleasure to read, well argued, and carefully researched."-Idean Salehyan, author ofRebels without Borders
Democracy and Displacement in Colombia's Civil Waris one of few books available in English to provide an overview of the Colombian civil war and drug war. Abbey Steele draws on her own original field research as well as on Colombian scholars' work in Spanish to provide an expansive view of the country's political conflicts. Steele shows how political reforms in the context of Colombia's ongoing civil war produced unexpected, dramatic consequences: democratic elections revealed Colombian citizens' political loyalties and allowed counterinsurgent armed groups to implement political cleansing against civilians perceived as loyal to insurgents.
Combining evidence collected from remote archives, more than two hundred interviews, and quantitative data from the government's displacement registry, Steele connects Colombia's political development and the course of its civil war to purposeful displacement. By introducing the concepts of collective targeting and political cleansing, Steele extends what we already know about patterns of ethnic cleansing to cases where expulsion of civilians from their communities is based on nonethnic traits.
Histories of Portugal's transition to democracy have long focused on the 1974 military coup that toppled the authoritarian Estado Novo regime and set in motion the divestment of the nation's colonial ...holdings. However, the events of this "Carnation Revolution" were in many ways the culmination of a much longer process of resistance and protest originating in universities and other sectors of society. Combining careful research in police, government, and student archives with insights from social movement theory, The Revolution before the Revolution broadens our understanding of Portuguese democratization by tracing the societal convulsions that preceded it over the course of the "long 1960s."
It is known that the international American-Soviet conflict began in 1947, that is, since the end of the World War II, and what is known as wars on behalf of the American and Soviet states emerged, ...such as the Arab-Israeli war, the Vietnam War and other wars that required the support of both countries to their allies and providing them with material and military aid, which led to the policy of the military arms race, and both countries began to equip their allies with weapons. This policy almost triggered the outbreak of the Third World War, if not intervened and avoided by Richard Nixon and Leonid Brezhnev. The policy of international accord began since 1969, whose main goal was to limit Strategic weapons. After the conclusion of the SALT1 agreement in 1972, the treaty still lacked some restrictions such as restricting missiles with warheads, ground tests and defensive missiles, in addition to limiting the number of US and Soviet forces present in Europe. Also, there are other issues such as the Middle East, including the agreement to hold Geneva conference, the European Security Conference, the Vietnam War, Energy, Environment and others. which required holding another summit to limit the strategic weapons in the two countries, especially since President Nixon continued the policy of international accord with the Soviet Union, which also needed rapprochement with the United States of America in order to meet its need for wheat and obtain Western technology, so it was decided. Another US-Soviet summit for the period June 27 - July 3, 1974, which was the third summit between the two countries.
Ushers the reader into the complexities of the categorical
ambiguity of Cyprus and... concentrates... on the Dead Zone of the divided
society, in the cultural space where those who refuse to go to ...the poles
gather. -- Anastasia Karakasidou, Wellesley College The
volatile recent past of Cyprus has turned this island from the idyllic island
of Aphrodite of tourist literature into a place renowned for hostile
confrontations. Cyprus challenges familiar binary divisions, between Christianity
and Islam, Greeks and Turks, Europe and the East, tradition and modernity.
Anti-colonial struggles, the divisive effects of ethnic nationalism, war, invasion,
territorial division, and population displacements are all facets of the notorious
Cyprus Problem. Incorporating the most up-to-date social and cultural research on
Cyprus, these essays examine nationalism and interethnic relations, Cyprus and the
European Union, the impact of immigration, and the effects of tourism and
international environmental movements, among other topics.
On the 25th April 1974, a coup destroyed the ranks of Portugal’s fascist Estado Novo government as the Portuguese people flooded the streets of Lisbon, placing red carnations in the barrels of guns ...and demanding a ‘land for those who work in it’. This became the Carnation Revolution - an international coalition of working class and social movements, which also incited struggles for independence in Portugal’s African colonies, the rebellion of the young military captains in the national armed forces and the uprising of Portugal’s long-oppressed working classes. It was through the organising power of these diverse movements that a popular-front government was instituted and Portugal withdrew from its overseas colonies. Cutting against the grain of mainstream accounts, Raquel Cardeira Varela explores the role of trade unions, artists and women in the revolution, providing a rich account of the challenges faced and the victories gained through revolutionary means.
At a time when a global consensus on human rights standards seems to be emerging, this rich study steps back to explore how the idea of human rights is actually employed by activists and human rights ...professionals. Winifred Tate, an anthropologist and activist with extensive experience in Colombia, finds that radically different ideas about human rights have shaped three groups of human rights professionals working there--nongovernmental activists, state representatives, and military officers. Drawing from the life stories of high-profile activists, pioneering interviews with military officials, and research at the United Nations Human Rights Commission in Geneva,Counting the Deadunderscores the importance of analyzing and understanding human rights discourses, methodologies, and institutions within the context of broader cultural and political debates.
In recent years there has been much interest in collective memory and commemoration. It is often assumed that when nations celebrate a historic day, they put aside the divisions of the present to ...recall the past in a spirit of unity. As Billig and Marinho show, this does not apply to the Portuguese parliament's annual celebration of 25 April 1974, the day when the dictatorship, established by Salazar and continued by Caetano, was finally overthrown. Most speakers at the ceremony say little about the actual events of the day itself; and in their speeches they continue with the partisan politics of the present as combatively as ever.
To understand this, the authors examine in detail how the members of parliament do politics within the ceremony of remembrance; how they engage in remembering and forgetting the great day; how they use the low rhetoric of manipulation and point-scoring, as well as high-minded political rhetoric. The book stresses that the members of the audience contribute to the meaning of the ceremony by their partisan displays of approval and disapproval. Throughout, the authors demonstrate that, to uncover the deeper meanings of political rhetoric, it is necessary to take note of significant absences.
The Politics and Rhetoric of Commemoration illustrates how an in-depth case-study can be invaluable for understanding wider processes. The authors are not content just to uncover unnoticed features of the Portuguese celebration. They use the particular example to provide original insights about the rhetoric of celebrating and the politics of remembering, as well as throwing new light onto the nature of party political discourse.
Nearly half of all countries emerging from civil conflict relapse into war within a few years of signing a peace agreement. The postwar trajectories of armed groups vary from organizational cohesion ...to dissolution, demilitarization to remilitarization. In Organized Violence after Civil War, Daly analyzes evidence from thirty-seven militia groups in Colombia, demonstrating that the primary driving force behind these changes is the variation in recruitment patterns within, and between, the warring groups. She documents the transition from war to peace through interviews with militia commanders, combatants and victims. Using rich ex-combatant survey data and geo-coded information on violence over fifty years of war, Daly explains the dynamics inside armed organizations and the strategic interactions among them. She also shows how the theory may be used beyond Colombia, both within the region of Latin America and across the rest of the world.
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