The increasing complexity of infrastructures and densely built-up areas requires a proper registration of the legal status (private and public), which can only be provided to a limited extent by the ...existing 2D cadastral registrations. The registration of the legal status in complex 3D situations is investigated under the header of 3D Cadastres. This publication, containing 13 selected contributions on 3D Cadastre, addresses the following areas: 1. 3D Cadastre operational experiences (analysis, LADM based, learning from each other, discovering gaps), 2. 3D Cadastre cost-effective workflow for new/updated 3D parcels = 4D (part of whole chain: From planning/design/permit in 3D, to registration/use in 3D), 3. 3D Cadastre web-based dissemination (usability, man–machine interfaces, including mobile/AR), 4. legal aspects for 3D Cadastre, best legal practices in various legislation systems, focus on large cities, including developing countries, 5. 3D data management, and 6. visualization, distribution, and delivery of 3D parcels.
The accelerated urban sprawl of cities around the world presents major challenges for urban planning and land resource management. In this context, it is crucial to have a detailed 3D representation ...of buildings enriched with accurate alphanumeric information. A distinctive aspect of this proposal is its specific focus on the spatial unit corresponding to buildings. In order to propose a domain model for the 3D representation of buildings, the national standard of Ecuador and the international standard (ISO 19152:2012 LADM) were considered. The proposal includes a detailed specification of attributes, both for the general subclass of buildings and for their infrastructure. The application of the domain model proposal was crucial in a study area located in the Riobamba canton, due to the characteristics of the buildings in that area. For this purpose, a geodatabase was created in pgAdmin4 with official information, taking into account the structure of the proposed model and linking it with geospatial data for an adequate management and 3D representation of the buildings in an open-source Geographic Information System. This application improves cadastral management in the study region and has wider implications. This model is intended to serve as a benchmark for other countries facing similar challenges in cadastral management and 3D representation of buildings, promote efficient urban development and contribute to global sustainable development.
Due to the needs of modern society, cadastral systems should be designed to support three dimensional (3D) spatial data. One of many possible approaches for implementing a 3D cadastre, in countries ...such as Croatia, is to establish a Building Register as a transitional register between 2D and 3D cadastres, where data about buildings and infrastructure would be collected, gradually adapted to the data model of 3D cadastre, and finally migrated to the 3D cadastre database. Sources for establishing the Building Register can be based on the records of state surveys, the register of administrative units, the land book, data managed by local and regional self-government units, data from construction documentation according to special regulations in the field of spatial planning, data managed by the building and infrastructure managers, as well as from other sources. A significant element of the 3D cadastre would be the inclusion of representations of buildings and units of use, as well as public utility infrastructure and complex spatial real-life entities (e.g., bridges, tunnels, overpasses, underpasses, overlapping of constructed objects with natural facilities, large shopping malls with more underground and overhead floors etc.). This paper presents a conceptual model of a 3D cadastre in Croatia by establishing the Building Register with focus on unit of use of real properties, namely apartments and office spaces. The paper also summarizes the current situation regarding the Croatian Land Administration System (LAS) and proposes a conceptual model for modelling unit of use of real properties. Additionally, a proposal is made herein to assign unique identifiers to buildings and their parts in a logical manner which would be intuitive and clear to citizens of Croatia, citizens of European Union and citizens of Croatia neighboring countries. The proposed methodology of determining unique identifiers could provide the means for easier navigation in 3D space and better understanding of spatial information by lay citizens, by institutions or emergency services.
•Conceptual model of a 3D cadastre in Croatia.•Summarizes the current situation in Croatia and proposes a conceptual model for modelling unit of use of real properties.•Unique identifiers for unit of use could provide the means for easier navigation in 3D space.
There are a wide variety of Land-use Regulation (LuR) restrictions, ranging from those that need simple 2D spatial analyses to be verified (e.g., area calculation), to those that need complex 3D ...analyses (e.g., overshadowing and overlooking). Assessing LuR restrictions to automatically detect LuRs’ potential conflicts with physical objects, such as building elements, could be a challenging task in 2D land administration systems relying on 2D drawings and 2D representations, especially when 3D/vertical analyses are required. Land administration systems can include 3D representations of LuR restrictions to identify their impacts on land parcels and vice versa since the LuRs contain legally binding restrictions for all parties including governments and citizens. As part of the transition from the 2D representation of LuR restrictions and manual conflict detection between LuR restrictions and physical objects such as building elements towards a 3D digital representation and automatic conflict detection, this paper proposes a three-stage conceptual framework for automatic 3D modelling and conflict detection of 3D LuR restrictions. The three-stage conceptual framework, as a generic approach, proposes required principles and procedures to automatically (1) model 3D LuR restrictions (called 3D CityLuR), (2) combine them with other sources of information (e.g., zoning maps, 3D city models, and BIM), and (3) detect LuRs’ potential conflicts between the modelled LuRs and physical objects (i.e., proposed/existing building elements). For modelling and verifying 3D LuRs automatically, the framework organises all the required information for IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) as the proposed building, CityGML as the existing buildings, and most importantly, the planning and zoning requirements. It proposes two categories of required information as “level of information need” for (1) modelling and combing 3D CityLuR with other sources of information automatically and (2) automatically detecting potential spatio-semantic conflicts between LuR restrictions and physical objects such as proposed/existing building elements. Based on a case study in Victoria, Australia, 3D LuR restrictions subject to planning approvals and building subdivisions are investigated. The paper concludes with a discussion arguing the feasibility of automating the verification of LuR restrictions to support decision-making in planning permit applications and building subdivisions.
•A Three-Stage Conceptual Framework for Automatic 3D Modelling and Conflict Detection of Land-use Regulation Restrictions.•Transitioning from Manual 2D Verification to Automatic 3D Modelling and Verification of Land-use Regulation Restrictions.•Modelling 3D City Land-use Regulations Automatically (Called 3D CityLuR) and Combining it with 3D City Models and BIM.•Required Information as “Level of Information Need” to Combine 3D CityLuR with Other Sources of Information Automatically.•Required Information as “Level of Information Need” to Detect 3D CityLuR’s Potential Spatio-Semantic Conflicts Automatically.
•Considering both surface and subsurface ownership in an integrated way.•Providing a CityJSON extension for 3D modelling of property ownership below and above the surface.•Enabling 3D delineation of ...both subsurface legal spaces and boundaries.•Showing the 3D representation of underground cadastral RRRs through the CityJSON file derived from the proposed extension.•Demonstrating the usability of the extension by means of real-world case studies regarding compliance checking within building permitting.
The increasing trend of urbanization results in various problems regarding enabling the livable cities such as traffic congestion, environmental pollution, and inadequate disaster preparedness. These problems are considerably related to deficiencies in the aboveground usable areas that can be exploited for the development of urban areas. Underground development is one of the strong solutions to cope with the aforementioned problems. The holistic planning of underground space is an important factor in ensuring the efficient use of underground space. Land administration that deals with the cadastral rights, restrictions, and responsibilities (RRRs) on the surface and subsurface is highly significant in the context of planning the underground space. By nature, there is a need for three-dimensional (3D) ownership information below the surface in order to carry out the analyses within planning studies regarding different aspects such as the existing subsurface structure and environmental impacts. This paper therefore enriches the core data model of the CityJSON standard such that it allows for 3D modelling of legal spaces and boundaries in the subsurface. It presents the usability of the proposed extension by visualizing the underground cadastral RRRs in 3D through the created and validated CityJSON file based on this extension. The practical opportunity arising from the use of CityJSON files derived from the developed extension is demonstrated. Different case studies are presented including the compliance checking regarding the designed underground tunnel within building permitting. The results of this study show that integrated 3D land administration including subsurface can contribute to the facilitation of the overarching planning of underground space.
This paper is part of a doctoral dissertation (PhD) research aligned with global trends aiming to develop practical technical tools for the collection, management and visualization of ...three-dimensional (3D) property rights in urban areas. Recently, the Building Information Models (BIMs) claim a prominent position in the field of 3D cadastres and the digital twins of the cities. In addition to all other building information, the BIM can also provide data about the exact boundaries of all kind of legal spaces (e.g., property ownership rights as well as land use restrictions), under the support of Industry Foundation Classes (IFCs). However, the utilization of BIMs for 3D cadastral surveys is still accompanied with two main drawbacks. The first refers to BIMs limited availability, as till now they mainly encounter in new large constructions. The second refers to the complexity in defining the exact geometric location of the legal boundaries regarding the exterior/interior partitions of the construction and of the common spaces. The latter parameter is formed on the basis of the current legal legislation in each country. Through in-depth investigation of the current legal framework of each country it may be possible to visualize the various 3D legal spaces within complex constructions and thus to facilitate the integration of existing BIMs in the development of 3D cadasters that will enable a better understanding and communication of all involved parties in the operation of cross-boundary real estate markets. In parallel, crowdsourcing has already been proved to be a powerful data collection method for the initial participatory implementation of fast, reliable and affordable 3D cadastral surveys, utilizing all capabilities provided by the latest low-cost devices, mobile services (m-services), open-source software (OSS) and the international standard of Land Administration Domain Model (LADM ISO 19152). If no precise 3D building models are already available, the currently available 2D architectural plans combined with the additional geometric and descriptive cadastral information may be utilized for a participatory crowdsourced cadastral survey of the 3D property units. In this paper a ‘two-route’ crowdsourced approach is described. This approach suggests both the use of existing BIMs – those available – to proceed with 3D crowdsourced cadastral surveys of those constructions, as well as the use of 2D georeferenced basemaps (e.g., orthophotos for the compilation of 2D crowdsourced cadastral surveys, and all existing architectural floor plans of the constructions) to proceed with 3D crowdsourced cadastral surveys of all other constructions. A database schema describing the linkage between LADM standard, BIM/IFC and 3D crowdsourced geometric and descriptive cadastral information is developed and presented. A hybrid mobile application enabling the manipulation of BIM/IFC descriptive data – if existing; the collection of 3D crowdsourced geometric and descriptive information by property owners/users/non-professionals; the registration of the cadastral data and their relationships within a LADM-based cadastral geodatabase; the automated generation of 3D property unit models as block models (LoD1), using Model-driven approach; and the objects visualization in real-time, are developed. An investigation regarding the legally correct representation of the location of property unit boundaries, focusing mainly in the Greek territory is conducted. A practical experiment for each one of the cases of the ‘two-route’ crowdsourced approach is implemented, for two multi-storey buildings in the city of Athens, Greece. The potentials of the proposed crowdsourced solution as well as the achieved geometric accuracy – in the absence of BIM – are discussed and assessed. The results show that integrating BIM data with cadastral information derived from crowdsourcing, may significantly contribute to the implementation of 3D Cadastres, providing also a better visual understanding of 3D property rights. Nonetheless, even in the absence of a BIM the achieved accuracy seems to satisfy the cadastral specifications of the Greek cadaster enhancing the potential of exploiting crowdsourced data in the initial phases of the cadastral formal procedures.
•3D cadastral mapping using m-services, web services, IT-tools, LADM and low-cost software.•Crowdsourcing techniques can minimize the time and costs of 2D / 3D cadastral surveys and provide reliable results.•The integration of BIM/IFC data can enable a better understanding and communication between all involved parties.•The achieved accuracy satisfies the cadastral specifications of some countries, such as Greece.
Currently, there is a growing interest internationally in 3D cadastre thanks to its capability in efficient management of land properties and rights. However, there is no fully operational system ...yet. Notable developments in 3D cadastre have been conducted by several countries with different levels of maturity. However, some conceptual and technical challenges are still at the research and development fields. Morocco has not adopted a 3D cadastral system yet. Investigations in this domain are mainly academic. This has motivated us to bring a thorough analysis about upgrading to a 3D Moroccan cadastre. Therefore, this research aims to provide guidelines, reflections and recommendations for its implementation, supported by a benchmarking of some best practices around the world. In this paper, the importance of adopting a 3D cadastral system is highlighted, and an overview of the main concepts and approaches of 3D cadastre is presented. Besides, several milestones of 3D cadastre, namely legal, institutional and technical are analyzed. Then, the current status of the Moroccan cadastre with regards to the third dimension is deeply analyzed. In order to propose a suitable 3D cadastral system in the Moroccan context, a gap analysis between the benchmarked countries and the current Moroccan cadastre is performed, through which guidelines for adopting a future 3D cadastre for Morocco with regards to legal, institutional and technical aspects are proposed. Our research leads to the conclusion that Morocco has a good framework to evolve to 3D cadastre but work is needed to develop a collaborative approach to implement it.
•3D cadastre in Morocco from benchmarking of international experiences.•Legal, institutional and technical aspects for 3D cadastre.•Co-ownership, case study framework for 3D cadastre.•Approach for 3D cadastre implementation.
There is an increasing trend for digitalization because of the developments in Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs). One of the topics that digitalization might be helpful is the ...building permit issuing that has some drawbacks in terms of the duration of finalization, a large number of documents, and the transparency of processes. Another topic is the need for updating three-dimensional (3D) city models that are beneficial for the effective management of urban areas in the sense of a wide range of subjects such as land-use planning, disaster response, and underground infrastructure monitoring. Apart from these topics, 3D land administration that copes with the ownership problems due to the ever-increasing existence of multilayered buildings in the built environment is gaining importance. Many studies mention that the interrelation among these topics can be advantageous because of exploiting the common digital building models namely Building Information Models (BIMs). It is therefore focused on a research question as follows: Is there a potential for integrating the digital building permit procedures, 3D city model updating, and 3D registration of property ownership as a tripartite cycle? This paper accordingly aims to review the scientific literature on the vision of the tripartite cycle to provide an insight into possible integration among its parts. The methodology contains an elaborate examination of the previous research that is collected from scientific databases and is categorized based on aspects of the tripartite cycle. Following the discussion of the literature, the recommendations are provided in the sense of the vision of the tripartite cycle.
•Digital building permitting, 3D city model updating, and 3D cadastre can be considered as interrelated.•Digitalization is evident in a wide range of sectors and industries, for example, land administration.•As-built BIMs are significant because of providing digital information flow regarding buildings.•The harmonized international standards can improve processes pertaining to the built environment.
With the fast world population growing, the efficient use of land properties became of great necessity. In this context, the traditional two-dimensional (2D) cadastral management mode cannot satisfy ...the need of current 3D land use and 3D urban planning (Guo et al. 2014). So, developing a 3D cadastral system is a very promising solution for land administration. However, the development of such a solution can be faced to some challenged issues related to economic, legal, technical and organizational aspects. In this paper, we present some basics about the 3D cadastre in Land governance. Then, we discuss some issues about migrating to a 3D cadastre solution. Finally, we propose some ideas and reflections about the adoption of a 3D Moroccan cadastral system.
