Sedimentary, geochemical, geomorphological, radiocarbon and numerical modelling data were used to examine the nature, extent and age of a boulder scatter at Okawa Point, Chatham Island, New Zealand. ...Boulders up to 98 t were traced around 800 m inland and comprised both a landward and seaward grouping on either side of a mid-Holocene high-stand storm ridge dated to around 4840–4810 cal BP. The landward boulder scatter was linked with an enigmatic coarse sand/gravel layer that extends up to 1100 m inland and has been dated to around 3500–4500 cal BP.
Numerical modelling indicated that while the seaward boulders that mainly rest upon the Chatham Island Schist shore platform could have been emplaced by either storm or tsunami waves, those landward of the mid-Holocene storm ridge were most probably transported by a tsunami. There are several near-contemporaneous palaeotsunami deposits reported from mainland New Zealand, Australia, SW Pacific and the wider Pacific region. If some or all of these are associated with the same basin-wide palaeotsunami then it appears likely to have been one of the largest Holocene Pacific palaeotsunamis. An analysis of historical and numerically modelled data suggests that the most likely candidate is from within the northern Chile seismic gap, with early evidence suggesting that a large palaeoseismic and palaeotsunami event may have occurred around 4000 yr BP. If correct, this has important implications for assessing the largest possible magnitude earthquakes in the northern Chile seismic gap and the size of the tsunamis they generate.
•Boulders up to 98 t scattered over 800 m inland.•Associated sand and gravel layer extends over 1100 inland.•Numerical modelling indicates northern Chilean source most likely.•Largest palaeotsunami in past 4000 years from trans-Pacific source
Abstract
In this work, Graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized by Hummer’s method using graphite rod. Used organic chemical materials to active (GO – COOH) for esterification reaction between the ...graphene oxide carboxylic acid group and the Polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydroxyl group. Graphene oxide (GO) was conjugated to PEG4000 (medical polymer). The composite (GO – PEG) characterization by XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis and AFM. In UV-Vis GO showed a sharp peak at 275 nm whiles the peak of (GO – PEG) appear at 284 nm. A strong OH bond appear in Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra, C –H bond of (GO – PEG) also showed. In XRD pattern GO have a sharp peak appear at 2θ = 11.83° that related to 001 with d-spacing of 7.76 Å while functionalization of GO – PEG 4000 conform by broad peak at 2θ= 23.38
s
with d-spacing of 3.8 Å. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images, GO image shows Graphene oxide sheet with main grain size is 24.41 nm, In GO – PEG4000 shows aggregation of Graphene oxides with PEG4000 the main grain size increase with functionalize to 287.04 nm.
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► One-filtration PEG based MWCO quantification for aqueous applications developed. ► Based on a high resolution reverse phase HPLC-ELSD analysis for PEG mixtures. ► Resolves MWCO ...within 44
g
mol
−1 giving the most precise ever one-filtration method. ► Produced accurate MWCO compared to manufacturers values for five commercial NF membranes.
A rapid, reliable and cheap method of characterizing the molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of commercial and in-house fabricated membranes used in aqueous applications has been developed. MWCO can be determined by performing a single run of pressure filtrations with a mixture of polyethylene glycols (PEGs) in aqueous solution using one of two PEG oligomer mixtures: PEG 200 to PEG 1000 for nanofiltration membranes or PEG 1000 to PEG 6000 for low MWCO ultrafiltration membranes. Analysis is via a repeatable and accurate reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method through a cheap chemical-bonded silica-based C8 column which finely resolves each of the PEG oligomers. Detection is via a low temperature evaporative light scanning detection (ELSD) method that resolves peaks to a molecular weight difference of just 44
g
mol
−1 (corresponding to the CH
2–O–CH
2 structural unit difference between the oligomers), allowing the most precise ever one-filtration determination of MWCO. MWCO testing of commercially available membranes (from Koch, Filmtec™ and Hydranautics) confirmed the method gives MWCO in the expected range. Consequently, this new and refined method can effectively replace the previously required time consuming and costly multiple filtrations of individual PEG oligomers and other compounds for the determination of membrane MWCO for aqueous applications.
Purpose:
To evaluate the glucose assays of two blood gas analyzers (BGAs) in intensive care unit (ICU) patients by comparing ICU BGA glucoses to central laboratory (CL) glucoses of almost ...simultaneously drawn specimens.
Methods:
Data repositories provided five years of ICU BGA glucoses and contemporaneously drawn CL glucoses from a Calgary, Alberta ICU equipped with IL GEM 4000 and CL Roche Cobas 8000-C702, and an Edmonton, Alberta ICU equipped with Radiometer ABL 800 and CL Beckman-Coulter DxC. Blood glucose analyzer and CL glucose differences were evaluated if they were both drawn either within ±15 or ±5 minutes. Glucose differences were assessed graphically and quantitatively with simple run charts and the surveillance error grid (SEG) and quantitatively with the 2016 Food and Drug Administration guidance document, with ISO 15197 and SEG statistical summaries. As the GEM glucose exhibits diurnal variation, CL-arterial blood gas (ABG) differences were evaluated according to time of day.
Results:
Compared to the GEM glucoses measured between 0200 and 0800, the run charts of (GEM-CL) glucose demonstrate significant outliers between 0800 and 0200 which are identified as moderate to severe clinical outliers by SEG analysis (P < .002 and P < .0005 for 5- and 15-minute intervals). Over the entire 24-hour period, the rates of moderate to severe glucose clinical outliers are 3.5/1000 (GEM) and 0.6/1000 glucoses (ABL), respectively, using the 15-minute interval (P < .0001).
Discussion:
The GEM ABG glucose is associated with a higher frequency of moderate to severe glucose clinical outliers, especially between 0800 and 0200, increased CL testing and higher average patient glucoses.
•Histological and transcriptional analyses of ovine abomasal explants.•A total of 233 were markedly up-regulated genes in response to L4-inoculation.•The necessity of Ex vivo studies prior to in vivo ...assessments.
We have set up an ex vivo ovine abomasal model, which can mimic the multicellular process to explore the early steps in haemonchine nematode infection using RNA-seq technology. Ovine abomasal explants were collected for histological and transcriptional analysis and supernatants collected to quantitate lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzymes. Atotal of 233 were substantially induced genes between L4-inoculated and uninoculated-control tissues, respectively. However, a total of 14 were considerably down-regulated genes between the 51 aforementioned tissues. Fifteen pathways were annotated by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes, and Genomes pathway analysis accounted for the significant percentage in immediate response to larval-stage of H. contortus. Key genes upregulated in response to the addition of L4-inoculum of H. contortus were IL-6, IL-8, C1q, Atypical chemokine receptor-3, chemokine ligand-2, manganese superoxide dismutase, integrin alpha-7, -8, -9, integrin subunit beta-1, integrin subunit beta 6, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and actin alpha-1. This study shows for the first time that galectin-1 is up-regulated in an ex vivo abomasal segment model exposed to L4-inoculum of H. contortus following 6 h of incubation. The abomasal segment model has been shown to be a suitable tool to study the haemonchine larval-stage effects on the ovine abomasal tissues prior to in vivo assessment.
The effect of the addition of triblock copolymer polyethylene glycol (PEG)–polypropylene glycol (PPG)–polyethylene glycol (PEG) (Pluronic F127) and polyethylene glycol (PEG-4000,
M
n
= 4000 g mol
−1
...) to the polysulfone (PSF) casting solution on the membrane structure and performance was studied. The phase state, viscosity and turbidity of PSF solutions in
N
,
N
-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) with the addition of block copolymer Pluronic F127 were investigated. It was found that 18–22 wt.% PSF solutions in DMAc with Pluronic F127 content ≥ 5 wt.% feature a lower critical solution temperature (LCST). Membrane structure was investigated using scanning electron and atomic force microcopies. It was revealed that average pore size and pore amount on the surface of the membrane selective layer increase and pore size distribution becomes wider with an increase in Pluronic F127 content in the casting solution. It was found that the average surface roughness parameters of the membrane selective layer for PSF/Pluronic F127 membranes significantly exceed those for PSF/PEG-4000 membranes. It was shown that the increase in the membrane flux and the decrease in polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K-30,
M
n
= 40,000 g mol
−1
) rejection are a result of the addition of both Pluronic F127 and PEG-4000 into the casting solution. It was revealed that PSF/Pluronic F127 membranes are characterized by higher pressure resistance in ultrafiltration process, a lower total flux decrease during ultrafiltration of bovine serum albumin solutions. The antifouling performance of PSF/Pluronic F127 membranes was found to exceed significantly the antifouling performance of PSF/PEG-4000 membranes.
An organ donor PaO2 above 40 kPa is generally required for lung transplantation. Point-of-care (POC) blood gas analyzers are commonly used by organ procurement organizations (OPO) but may ...underestimate the PaO2 at high levels. We hypothesized that changing to a more accurate blood gas analyzer would result in additional lungs transplanted. All PaO2 measurements on organ donors managed at one OPO's recovery center were performed on an i-STAT POC analyzer prior to October 2015, and on a GEM 4000 subsequently. For 24 weeks, all blood gases were tested simultaneously on both analyzers. We compared lung outcomes of 147 donors in the year prior to this change (using the i-STAT) with 56 donors in the 24-week study period (using the GEM 4000 for lung allocation). When the PaO2 was above 40 kPa, the i-STAT PaO2 was 7.2 kPa lower on average than the GEM 4000. When the GEM PaO2 measured between 40 and 50 kPa, the corresponding i-STAT PaO2 value registered less than 40 kPa 25 out of 48 times (52%), with an average difference of 7.3 kPa (SD = 2.9). The rate of lungs transplanted using the GEM 4000 was 48% compared with 35% in the year prior using the i-STAT (p = .11), with equivalent recipient outcomes. The i-STAT analyzer underestimated the PaO2 above 40 kPa and changing to a more accurate PaO2 analyzer may increase lungs transplanted.
•Decomposition of terminal voltage of deep discharge by concentration polarization of electrolyte•Long-term experimental measurements of class 1E (4200Ah) Valve-Regulated Lead Acid battery•Proposed ...model is sensitive to battery terminal's nonlinear hysteresis at the end of service life•balance of false and missing alarms by dynamic threshold of contacting resistance
Flooded lead-acid battery dominates the emergency power supply system of nuclear power plants. However, Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid (VRLA) battery occupies important parts in emergency power supply systems. Structure design for internal consistency of big capacity is a challenge. Electrical variables of battery fluctuate as hysteresis while aging. This paper decouples terminal voltage in deep discharge by concentration polarization of electrolyte. Voltages of both bulk electrolyte capacitance and internal resistance are constants. This principle presents a novel model of dynamic threshold of contacting resistance. The model is sensitive to the battery nonlinear hysteresis. The model alarms remaining useful capacity at the end of service life. Parallel experiments at 4200 (Ah) VRLA batteries verifies the model. A Microchip embedded management board runs the algorithm.
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