In HTTP Adaptive Streaming, video content is temporally divided into multiple segments, each encoded at several quality levels. The client can adapt the requested video quality to network changes, ...generally resulting in a smoother playback. Unfortunately, live streaming solutions still often suffer from playout freezes and a large end-to-end delay. By reducing the segment duration, the client can use a smaller temporal buffer and respond even faster to network changes. However, since segments are requested subsequently, this approach is susceptible to high round-trip times. In this letter, we discuss the merits of an HTTP/2 push-based approach. We present the details of a measurement study on the available bandwidth in real 4G/LTE networks, and analyze the induced bit-rate overhead for HEVC-encoded video segments with a sub-second duration. Through an extensive evaluation with the generated video content, we show that the proposed approach results in a higher video quality (+7.5%) and a lower freeze time (-50.4%), and allows to reduce the live delay compared with traditional solutions over HTTP/1.1.
The field of wireless and mobile communication has a remarkable history that spans over a century of technology innovations from Marconi's first transatlantic transmission in 1899 to the worldwide ...adoption of cellular mobile services by over four billion people today. Wireless has become one of the most pervasive core technology enablers for a diverse variety of computing and communications applications ranging from third-generation/fourth-generation (3G/4G) cellular devices, broadband access, indoor WiFi networks, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) systems to embedded sensor and radio-frequency identification (RFID) applications. This has led to an accelerating pace of research and development in the wireless area with the promise of significant new breakthroughs over the next decade and beyond. This paper provides a perspective of some of the research frontiers of wireless and mobile communications, identifying early stage key technologies of strategic importance and the new applications that they will enable. Specific new radio technologies discussed include dynamic spectrum access (DSA), white space, cognitive software-defined radio (SDR), antenna beam steering and multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO), 60-GHz transmission, and cooperative communications. Taken together, these approaches have the potential for dramatically increasing radio link speeds from current megabit per second rates to gigabit per second, while also improving radio system capacity and spectrum efficiency significantly. The paper also introduces a number of emerging wireless/mobile networking concepts including multihoming, ad hoc and multihop mesh, delay-tolerant routing, and mobile content caching, providing a discussion of the protocol capabilities needed to support each of these usage scenarios. In conclusion, the paper briefly discusses the impact of these wireless technologies and networking techniques on the design of emerging audiovisual and multimedia applications as they migrate to mobile Internet platforms.
In this paper, a novel technique of collocating a millimeter-wave end-fire 5G beam steerable array antenna with a low-frequency planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) is presented. In this technique, the ...low-frequency antenna can be transparent by using some grating strips between the low- and high-frequency antennas. A quad-element mm-wave array with end-fire radiation patterns operating in 22-31 GHz is integrated with a dual-band low-frequency PIFA in a mobile terminal. The novelty of this paper is the collocation of a high-frequency end-fire 5G antenna array with an old-generation low-frequency antenna, such as 4G in small space in the mobile terminal, without interfering with the radiation pattern and impedance matching of both low- and high-frequency antennas. The proposed 5G antenna covers 22-31 GHz and can scan ±50° with the scan loss of better than 3 dB. The coverage efficiency of the proposed mm-wave 5G antenna is better than 50% and 80% for a minimum gain of 4 and 0 dBi in 22-31 GHz, respectively. The gain of the high-frequency antenna array is better than 9.5 dBi at 28 GHz. The low-frequency antenna covers some practical 4G LTE bands from 740-960 MHz and 1.7-2.2 GHz bands. The measured results in both low and high frequencies agree well with the simulations.
Perangkat teknologi telekomunikasi yang menggunakan wireless sebagai media pembawa sinyal dapat menjadi sumber gelombang elektromagnetik yang dapat dimanfaatkan. Di sisi lain, kebutuhan energi ...listrik berdaya rendah semakin meningkat di masa depan. Gelombang elektromagnetik dapat digunakan untuk memperoleh energi listrik berdaya rendah melalui teknologi radio frequency (RF) harvesting. Salah satu bagian sistem dalam teknologi RF harvesting adalah rectifier antenna (rectenna) perangkat yang mengkonversi energi gelomabang menjadi energi listrik, sehingga memungkinkan transmisi daya secara wireless. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan perancangan dan implementasi rectenna menggunakan antena mikrostrip untuk menerima gelombang elektromagnetik dari jaringan 4G-LTE 1,8 GHz, yang kemudian dikonversi menjadi keluaran DC berdaya rendah. Perangkat rectenna yang dibuat terdiri dari rangkaian rectifier yang diintegrasikan dengan antena mikrostrip. Rancang bangun rectenna dilakukan dengan memperhitungkan parameter voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), return loss, gain, dan pola radiasi. Selain itu, dilakukan pula beberapa pengujian berupa pengukuran efisiensi, sensitivitas, dan pengujian lapangan. Hasil pengujian yang dilakukan menunjuk kanbahwa nilai VSWR diperoleh sebesar 1,6, return loss sebesar -11,7 dB, gain sebesar 3,2 dBi, dan radiasi diketahui berpola omnidirectional. Pengukuran efisiensi menunjukkan bahwa daya input tertinggi diperoleh sebesar 2 dBm dengan efisiensi sebesar 46,94%. Nilai ini akan meningkat apabila daya input ditambah. Pengukuran sensitivitas pada rectenna menunjukkan nilai output 0,2 mV untuk nilai input power paling kecil sebear -80 dBm. Pengujian lapangan menunjukkan nilai maksimum tegangan yang dihasilkan adalah 270 mV untuk jarak 37 m dan nilai minimun yang diperoleh adalah 81 mV untuk jarak 300 m.
The mobile network operators should expand their network capacity as service traffic increases in mobile networks. It is important to balance network capacity and traffic volume in terms of service ...quality and operating costs, and this network balance can be quantified by the capacity margin, which is defined as the difference between network capacity and traffic volume. There are two approaches to assess the network capacity: single-cell and national scale. However, the single-cell approach has too narrow to estimate the whole operator network, and the national scale approach should consider regional traffic density distribution. This Letter proposes a methodology for assessing the capacity margin from the perspective of traffic-intensive regions where the actual network balance is determined. The authors introduce the concept of a virtual sample region that consists of traffic-intensive cells in the metropolitan area. Then they show the methodology to estimate and predict the network capacity and traffic trends in this region. Finally, they derive the capacity margin of the mobile network. They used the real measured data in the top 10% traffic-intensive cells about three years in Seoul, South Korea, and evaluated 4G downlink capacity margin in this region until 2024.
In this study, a single-fed printed multiband antenna for 4G/5G wireless communication systems is presented. The proposed multiband antenna consists of Franklin strip monopole antenna to cover 4G, ...and wireless applications (WLAN and WiMAX), and a rectangular patch antenna that is designed to cover 5G band. Furthermore, a modified compact microstrip resonant cell low-pass filter is printed between the antenna parts to allow feeding the Franklin antenna at low-frequency bands while isolating the Franklin antenna from the rectangular patch at the 5G band. The proposed antenna is designed on Rogers 5880 with compact size 45 × 40 × 0.508 mm3. The proposed antenna is utilised to operate at triple band: 2.4, 5.5 and 28 GHz with wide impedance bandwidth (15.8, 23.5 and 11.3%) and the gain reaches (1.95, 3.76 and 7.35 dBi).
The development of the telecommunication world has occurred very rapidly and has been brought from the first generation, namely 1G to 4G, which has developed as a future network medium in several ...countries, successfully implemented in transactions. This research discusses the potential of 5G technology as a substitute for the previous technology, namely 4G. How can this technology be applied in Indonesia; which areas are suitable for implementing 5G technology? Data analysis for this study has been adapted to the research model and the variables studied. The causality model is used in this study, and the AMOS program's SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) analysis method is used to assess the research assumptions. The existence of the 5G network has brought Indonesia to the threshold of development that opens the door to a world full of opportunities, 5G technology is expected to have a positive impact on the development of digital skills and entrepreneurship, which will have a better impact.
A novel integrated antenna solution for wireless handheld devices is proposed for the existing 4G standards and upcoming 5G systems for broadband, high data rate communications. The complete antenna ...system is a unique combination of a multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system at microwave frequencies and a millimetre (mm)-wave antenna array. The MIMO antenna system consists of two reactive loaded monopoles while the mm-wave array consists of a planar 2 by four slot antennas. The integrated antenna system covers the frequency bands from 1870 to 2530 MHz for 4G standards along with the upcoming 5G mm-wave band at 28 GHz. In addition, the integrated antenna system is planar and is designed for typical smart phone devices with a standard 60 mm by 100 mm by 0.965 mm back plane. Excellent field correlation values were obtained across the 4G band while realised peak gain values of 4 and 8 dBi were, respectively, measured for the MIMO and mm-wave antenna arrays. The proposed antenna design may also be useful for other compact implementations that support 4G and 5G communications.
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