•The primary component of onion epidermal wax was 16-Hentriacontanone.•Twenty-one key genes that may related to wax synthesis and metabolism were identified.
Cuticle waxes play a crucial role in ...protecting plants from biotic and abiotic stresses, and their biosynthetic mechanisms are well understood in a variety of crops. However, the regulatory mechanism of cuticular wax synthesis in Allium cepa has not been fully understood. In this study, we conducted an integrated analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome to elucidate the wax biosynthesis mechanism of A. cepa using the wild type, designated as WT1, and glossy mutant type, known as glo1, plants of A. cepa. The results revealed that the total wax content of WT1 was higher than that of glo1, with 16-Hentriacontanone identified as the main component of the wax. Transcriptomics analysis showed 384 up-regulated genes and 412 down-regulated genes in glo1 compared with WT1. Through Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis, weighted gene co-expression network analysis, and joint analysis of transcriptome and metabolome data, we identified 21 key genes related to wax synthesis and metabolism. This research provides a comprehensive landscape of the transcriptome and metabolome, shedding light on the molecular mechanisms of cuticular wax synthesis in A. cepa. Furthermore, it lays the foundation for the development of potential breeding strategies in the future.
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This study examined the phyto-toxic effects of a commonly named non-selective herbicide glyphosate (Roundup(TM)) on onions (Allium cepa Linn.). The study was necessitated due to the indiscriminate ...use and release of Roundup(TM) for weed control in the Niger Delta soils of Nigeria. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) standard protocol # 208 was adopted. The short-term phyto-toxic consequence on onion (A. cepa L.) was determined after a 4-day exposure to varying concentrations of the test chemical at 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/L, respectively. The percentage growth rate decreased as percentage growth rate inhibition efficiency increased, which implies that the effect of the herbicide was concentration dependent. The mean percentage growth rate inhibition efficiency relative to the control was 28, 47, 61, 73 and 96%, respectively. The effective concentration (EC sub(50)) for % Inhibition efficiency was 1.550 mg/L with a 95% confidence interval of 1.269 to 1.848 mg/L. The biological alterations on the onions in the test solutions varied in order of increasing concentrations. Some observations made include decolouration of the test solutions and stunted growth especially at the highest concentration of 10 mg/L. Other effects include: bulb deformation, tissue and root damage. There was significant difference between the exposed species and the control at P < 0.05. The use of the herbicide Roundup(TM) with such hazardous effects can harm plants especially onion which is a very viable food product of man. This could lead to likely distortion on the ecosystem balance of onions (A. cepa) and similar plants and subsequent effect on human, the major end user.
Sorocea bonplandii Burg., Lanj. & W. Bôer (Moraceae) o "Ñandipá", es una especie arbórea nativa de la provincia de Misiones y uno de los adulterantes frecuentes de Monteverdia ilicifolia (Reissek ex ...Mart.) Biral (Celastraceae) o "Congorosa", debido principalmente a su similitud morfo-anatómica. Se la utiliza como antiulceroso y adelgazante, aunque existen escasos antecedentes de su toxicidad. Por ello se propuso como objetivo evaluar la actividad citotóxica y genotóxica de extractos acuosos de hojas de S. bonplandii, empleando el test de Allium cepa L. Se utilizaron bulbos previamente detoxificados con agua destilada oxigenada por burbujeo continuo. Luego se expusieron a las diferentes concentraciones de los extractos que fueron preparadas cada 24 h a partir de una solución madre de 20 g de droga vegetal por litro de agua. Se probaron concentraciones de 300, 150, 50 y 20 ml de solución madre por litro de agua (V/V), se empleó como control negativo agua destilada y como control positivo Paracetamol 125 mg/L por un periodo de 72 h. Se obtuvo un IC50=44,62 ml/L. Las concentraciones testeadas mostraron reducción del índice mitótico, además de frecuencias significativas elevadas (p<0,05) de micronúcleos y anomalías nucleares respecto al control negativo para las concentraciones de 150 y 300 ml/L. No se detectaron diferencias en relación a las alteraciones cromosómicas. Los extractos testeados de S. bonplandii causan efecto citotóxico y daño genotóxico en A. cepa. Por lo que se propone continuar el estudio mediante un modelo animal, además de una det
With the aim to investigate the mechanisms of action of nano plastics (nano PS) on plants, seeds of Allium cepa were germinated for 72 h in the presence of polystyrene nano PS (50 nm size, at ...concentrations of 0.01, 0.1 and 1 g L−1) and, subsequently, roots were analysed by a multifaceted approach. No effect was induced by any concentration of nano PS on the percentage of seed germination while root growth was inhibited by 0.1 and 1 g L−1 nano PS. Cytological analysis of the root meristems indicated cytotoxicity (reduction of mitotic index) and genotoxicity (induction of cytogenetic anomalies and micronuclei) starting from the lowest dose. Moreover, the biochemical and histochemical analysis of oxidative stress markers gave evidence of stress induction, especially at the highest doses. Damages reported could be due to mechanical surface contact in root external layers, as evidenced by histological localization, and to the internalization of nano PS in different cellular compartments, observed under TEM. The present research underlines the hazardous nature of nano PS, that for their ability to be internalized into crop plants, can enter into different trophic levels of the food chain.
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•Cyto-physiological traits in onion roots treated by nano-polystyrene were studied.•Nano PS reduced root elongation in onion seedlings during germination.•Nano PS induced cyto/genotoxicity on root meristem.•The highest applied concentrations of nano PS triggered oxidative stress.•Nano PS were internalized in different root cellular compartments.
Yeast treatment has been used for purification of fructooligosaccharides (FOSs). However, the main drawback of this approach is that yeast can only partially remove sucrose from crude FOSs. The main ...objective of this research was to screen yeast strains for the capability of selectively consuming unwanted sugars, namely fructose, glucose, and sucrose, in crude FOSs extracted from red onion (Allium cepa var. viviparum) with minimal effect on FOS content.
Among 43 yeast species isolated from Miang, ethnic fermented tea leaves, and Assam tea flowers, Candida orthopsilosis FLA44.2 and Priceomyces melissophilus FLA44.8 exhibited the greatest potential to specifically consume these unwanted sugars. In a shake flask, direct cultivation of C. orthopsilosis FLA44.2 was achieved in the original crude FOSs containing an initial FOSs concentration of 88.3 ± 1.2 g/L and 52.9 ± 1.2 g/L of the total contents of fructose, glucose, and sucrose. This was successful with 93.7% purity and 97.8% recovery after 24 h of cultivation. On the other hand, P. melissophilus FLA48 was limited by initial carbohydrate concentration of crude FOSs in terms of growth and sugar utilization. However, it could directly purify two-fold diluted crude FOSs to 95.2% purity with 92.2% recovery after 72 h of cultivation. Purification of crude FOSs in 1-L fermenter gave similar results to the samples purified in a shake flask. Extracellular β-fructosidase was assumed to play a key role in the effective removal of sucrose. Both Candida orthopsilosis FLA44.2 and P. melissophilus FLA44.8 showed γ-hemolytic activity, while their culture broth had no cytotoxic effect on viability of small intestinal epithelial cells, preliminarily indicating their safety for food processing. The culture broth obtained from yeast treatment was passed through an activated charcoal column for decolorization and deodorization. After being freeze dried, the final purified FOSs appeared as a white granular powder similar to refined sugar and was odorless since the main sulfur-containing volatile compounds, including dimethyl disulfide and dipropyl trisulfide, were almost completely removed.
The present purification process is considered simple and straight forward, and provides new and beneficial insight into utilization of alternative yeast species for purification of FOSs.
α-Mannosidase (ALMAN) extracted from onion (Allium cepa) was purified by column chromatography such as hydrophobic and gel filtration. ALMAN is an acidic α-mannosidase that exhibits maximum activity ...against pNP-α-Man at pH 4.0-5.0 at 50°C. Amino acid sequence analysis of ALMAN was consistent with α-mannosidase deduced from Allium cepa transcriptome analysis. The gene alman was amplified by PCR using mRNA extracted from onions, and a full-length gene of 3,054 bp encoding a protein of 1,018 amino acid residues was revealed. ALMAN is classified as Glycoside Hydrolase Family (GH) 38 and showed homology with other plant-derived α-mannosidases such as tomato and hot pepper.
The use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in commercial products has increased significantly in recent years. However, findings on the toxic effects of the AgNPs are still limited. This paper reports ...an investigation on the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of the AgNPs on root cells of Allium cepa. Germination (GI), root elongation (REI), mitotic (MI), nuclear abnormality (NAI), and micronucleus index (MNI) were determined for seeds exposed to various AgNPs diameters (10, 20, 51, and 73 nm) as well as to the silver bulk (AgBulk) (micrometer-size particles) at the concentration of 100 mg·L−1. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provided the particle size distribution, while dynamic light scattering (DLS) was used to get the hydrodynamic size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential of the AgNPs. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and inductively coupled plasma/optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) were applied for quantifying the AgNPs content uptake by roots. Silver dissolution was determined by dialysis experiment. Results showed that the AgNPs penetrated the roots, affecting MI, GI, NAI, and MNI in meristematic cells. Changes in these indicators were AgNPs diameter-dependent so that cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in Allium cepa increased with the reduction of the particle diameter. The results also revealed that the AgNPs were the main responsible for the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity since negligible silver dissolution was observed.
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•Allium cepa seeds were exposed to different AgNPs dimensions (10, 20, 51, and 73 nm)•Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of the AgNPs on root cells of the A. cepa were tested.•AgNPs were able to penetrate in plant cell and cause cell toxicity.•Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects increased with decreasing AgNPs diameter.•AgNPs were the main responsible for the toxicity.
Reactive Turquoise Blue (Procion MX) is a fabric dye used in small scale cotton fabric industries in various parts of India. The impact of this chemical on human health in the surrounding areas that ...discharge effluents is of serious concern. This needs to be assessed for short and long term effect on human genome. This investigation was aimed to find mitotic abnormalities as cytological evidence induced by the dye in root tip cells of onion (Allium cepa L.) grown in different concentrations: 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0% (weight per volume) prepared in distilled water in separate treatment schedules for 24 and 48 h. Mitotic aberrations (MA) were scored after staining with 2% acetocarmine by conventional squashing method. Root growth at various concentrations and duration of exposure of the dye were analyzed as macroscopic parameter for testing the cytotoxicity. Percentages of mitotic cells were analyzed as microscopic parameter to find the trend of mitotic indices and depression. Total abnormality of cells in percentage indicated the genotoxic assault of the dye. At higher concentrations, the root tip cells died in 24 h. Highest number of dividing cells with largest mitotic index value was observed at 0.01% exposed for 48 h. The abnormalities of common occurrences observed were unequal cytokinesis/ karyokinesis, formation of micronuclei, bi-nucleated cells and little condensed chromosomal arms in abnormal metaphase, anaphase and telophase. The abnormal mitotic cells were assumed to be due to genotoxic assault of the dye on chromosomal condensation mechanism resulting in very unusual long arms in rapidly dividing meristematic cells.
The study aimed to observe the phosphorus dose and plant density that maximize bulb productivity and to record the flowering of onions in a drip irrigation system. The treatments were at four plant ...densities (300, 400, 500 and 600 thousand plants ha-1) submitted to five doses of phosphorus (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg of P2O5 ha-1), weekly distributed along the vegetative cycle of the crop via fertigation. The doses of phosphorus and fixed doses of nitrogen (150 kg N ha-1) and potassium (105 kg K2O ha-1) were divided weekly. Productivity of classes 2, 3 and 4 and flowering were evaluated. Doses of 150 kg N ha-1, 120 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 105 kg K2O ha-1 are sufficient to obtain yields greater than 50 t ha-1 of bulbs in Cambisol with high level of phosphorus and average levels of organic matter and potassium. It is suggested that current recommendations be reviewed for yields greater than 30 t ha-1, especially for fertirrigated systems. It is recommended to use populations of 400 to 500 thousand plants ha-1 to obtain class 3 and 4 bulbs. One third of the SCS 373 - Valessul onion plants flower when subjected to average minimum temperatures below 13 ℃ for more than ninety days.
El estudio tuvo como objetivo observar la dosis de fósforo y la densidad de plantas que maximizan la productividad del bulbo y registrar la floración de las cebollas en un sistema de riego por goteo. Los tratamientos fueron a cuatro densidades de plantas (300, 400, 500 y 600 mil plantas ha-1) sometidos a cinco dosis de fósforo (0, 40, 80, 120 y 160 kg de P2O5 ha-1), distribuidas a lo largo del ciclo vegetativo del cultivo semanalmente mediante fertirrigación. Las dosis de fósforo y las dosis fijas de nitrógeno (150 kg N ha-1) y potasio (105 kg K2O ha-1) se dividieron semanalmente. Se evaluó la productividad de las clases 2, 3 y 4 y la floración. Dosis de 150 kg N ha-1, 120 kg P2O5 ha-1 y 105 kg K2O ha-1 son suficientes para obtener rendimientos superiores a 50 t ha-1 de bulbos en Cambisol con niveles alto de fósforo e medios de materia orgánica y potasio. Se sugiere revisar las recomendaciones actuales para rendimientos superiores a 30 t ha-1, especialmente para sistemas fertirrigados. Se recomienda utilizar poblaciones de 400 a 500 mil plantas ha-1 para obtener bulbos de clase 3 y 4. Un tercio de las plantas de cebolla SCS 373 - Valessul florecen cuando se someten a temperaturas mínimas medias inferiores a 13 ℃ durante más de noventa días.
O objetivo do trabalho foi observar a dose de fósforo e a densidade de plantas que maximizam a produtividade de bulbos e registrar o florescimento da cebola em sistema fertirrigado. Os tratamentos foram a quatro densidades de plantas (300, 400, 500 e 600 mil plantas ha-1) submetidas a cinco doses de fósforo (0, 40, 80, 120 e 160 kg de P2O5 ha-1), distribuídas semanalmente via fertirrigação. As doses de fósforo e doses fixas de nitrogênio (150 kg N ha-1) e potássio (105 kg K2O ha-1) foram parceladas semanalmente. Foram avaliadas as produtividades das classes 2, 3 e 4 e o florescimento. Doses de 150 kg N ha-1, 120 kg P2O5 ha-1 e 105 kg K2O ha-1, são suficientes para obtenção de produtividades superiores a 50 t ha-1 de bulbos em Cambissolo com teores alto de fósforo e médios de matéria orgânica e potássio. Sugere-se a revisão das recomendações atuais para produtividades superiores a 30 t ha-1, em especial para sistemas fertirrigados. Recomenda-se o uso de populações de 400 a 500 mil plantas ha-1 para obtenção de bulbos das classes 3 e 4. Um terço das plantas de cebola do cultivar SCS 373 - Valessul florescem quando submetidas a temperaturas mínimas médias abaixo de 13 ºC por mais de noventa dias).
Onion, (Allium cepa L.), is one of the most consumed and grown vegetable crops in the world. Onion bulb, with its characteristic flavor, is the third most essential horticultural spice with a ...substantial commercial value. Apart from its culinary virtues, A. cepa is also used traditionally for its medicinal virtues in a plethora of indigenous cultures. Several publications have been produced in an endeavor to validate such traditional claims. Nonetheless, there is still a dearth of up-to-date, detailed compilation, and critical analysis of the traditional and ethnopharmacological propensities of A. cepa. The present review, therefore, aims to systematically review published literature on the traditional uses, pharmacological properties, and phytochemical composition of A. cepa. A. cepa was found to possess a panoply of bioactive compounds and numerous pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, hypolipidemic, anti-hypertensive, and immunoprotective effects. Although a large number of in vitro and in vivo studies have been conducted, several limitations and research gaps have been identified which need to be addressed in future studies.
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