INTRODUCCIÓN: La Yerba Mate, es una infusión hecha de las hojas del árbol Ilex paraguariensis, planta de la familia Aquifoliaceae. Es una bebida que se consume principalmente en los países de América ...del Sur como Argentina, Uruguay, Brasil, Paraguay y está logrando una mayor penetración en Estados Unidos como en otros países del mundo.
OBJETIVO: El presente estudio evalúa la genotoxicidad de la yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis), previamente probado para la presencia de hongos toxigénicos en cultivos específicos.
MATERIAL Y METODOS: Se utilizó el sistema Allium cepa para el estudio de genotoxicidad, las células meristemáticas fueron tratadas con una infusión filtrada de mate, con agua destilada como control negativo y Dimetilsulfóxido (DMS) al 0,2 % como control positivo.
RESULTADOS: El crecimiento radicular fue reducido dependiendo de la concentración, y al estudiar la proliferación celular se observó que la frecuencia de células mitóticas se reducía progresivamente a medida que aumentaba la concentración de yerba mate. Por otra parte, se observó un aumento en la frecuencia de células aberrantes con la concentración de yerba mate más alta (1400 µg/ml).
CONCLUSIONES: Los hallazgos de este estudio muestran que la yerba mate induce efectos clastogénicos en las raíces meristemáticas de Allium cepa.
This study investigated the oxidative modulation potentials of diets supplemented with Solanum lycopersicum and Allium cepa against biochemical changes initiated in rats fed diet prepared with fish ...smoked with polyethylene material (FSP) and fish smoked with firewood (FSF). Thirty male Wistar albino rats were randomly grouped into six with five rats in each group. The biochemical parameters analyzed indicated significant (p < 0.05) increases in the activities of liver enzymes alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and concentration of total bilirubin and malondialdehyde (MDA) in rats maintained on diets prepared with FSF and FSP only when compared to rats maintained on rats pellets only and rats maintained on the supplemented diets. These groups of rats also presented significant (p < 0.05) fluctuations in activities of glutathione peroxidise (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and concentrations of total protein, albumin, total cholesterol and glutathione (GSH). However, the S. lycopersicum and A. cepa treated groups showed significant restoration towards their respective normal control values. These results indicate that smoking as a food processing method (especially using polyethylene materials) generates oxidants that may induce oxidative damage. The antioxidative role of A. cepa and S. lycopersicum in the diets of treated animals emphasized their hepatoprotective potentials.
Genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG) used as flavor enhancer in foods was analyzed using the Allium cepa assay. Onion bulbs were grown at different concentrations (1, 3, 5 ...and 7 g/L) of MSG dissolved in distilled boiled water and also evaluated when dissolved in distilled water without boiling; a control group was also set up. The macroscopic (morphology and color of roots) and microscopic (mitotic index and chromosomal aberrations) parameters of Allium root tips were studied. MSG inhibited growth of A. cepa root tips in all concentrations and was significant on days 2 to 5 in distilled water without boiling and on days three to five when dissolved in boiled distilled water. MSG also reduced the number of roots growing from primodium in all test concentrations as compared to control and the least was observed in 5 g and 7 g/L. Color of root tips range from brownish to dark brown or black in higher MSG concentrations. Sticky chromosomal aberration at telophase was most commonly induced in all the MSG test concentrations. MSG decreased mitotic index of A. cepa cells at all the test concentrations but this result was not statistically different. There was no significant difference in total chromosomal aberrations in all experimental set up as compared to control.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the involvement of nanoparticles prepared from Allium cepa L. as anti-inflammatory agents. In the present study, we identified nanoparticles from Allium cepa L. ...using the ultracentrifugation exosome purification method. The nanoparticles were referred to as 17,000× g and 200,000× g precipitates, and they contained quercetins, proteins, lipids, and small-sized RNA. The nanoparticles inhibited nitric oxide production from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264 cells without cytotoxic properties. Cellular incorporation was confirmed by laser microscopic observation after PKH26 staining. The inhibition of caveolae-dependent endocytosis and macropinocytosis significantly prevented the incorporation of the nanoparticles but had no effect on the inhibition of nitric oxide in RAW264 cells. Collectively, the identified nanoparticles were capable of inhibiting the LPS response via extracellular mechanisms. Taken together, the way of consuming Allium cepa L. without collapsing the nanoparticles is expected to provide an efficient anti-inflammatory effect.
New mixtures of pesticides are being placed on the market to increase the spectrum of phytosanitary action. Thus, the eco(geno)toxic effects of the new commercial mixture named Platinum Neo, as well ...as its constituents the neonicotinoid Thiamethoxam and the pyrethroid Lambda-Cyhalothrin, were investigated using the species Daphnia magna, Raphidocelis subcapitata, Danio rerio, and Allium cepa L. The lowest- and no-observed effect concentration (LOEC and NOEC) were measured in ecotoxicological tests. While Thiamethoxam was ecotoxic at ppm level, Lambda-Cyhalothrin and Platinum Neo formulation were ecotoxic at ppb level. The mitotic index (MI), chromosomal aberrations and micronucleus MN frequency were measured as indicators of phytogenotoxicity in A. cepa plants exposed for 12 h to the different insecticides and their mixture under different dilutions. There were significant alterations in the MI and MN frequency in comparison with the A. cepa negative control group, with Thiamethoxam, Lambda-Cyhalothrin, and Platinum Neo treatments all significantly reducing MI and increasing MN frequency. Thus, MI reduction was found at 13.7 mg L−1 for Thiamethoxam, 0.8 μg L−1 for Lambda-Cyahalothrin, and 2.7:2 μg L−1 for Platinum Neo, while MN induction was not observed at 14 mg L−1 for Thiamethoxam, 0.8 μg L−1 for Lambda-Cyahalothrin, and 1.4:1 μg L−1 for Platinum Neo. The insecticide eco(geno)toxicity hierarchy was Platinun Neo > Lambda-Cyhalothrin > Thiamethoxam, and the organism sensitivity hierarchy was daphnids > fish > algae > A. cepa. Eco(geno)toxicity studies of new pesticide mixtures can be useful for management, risk assessment, and avoiding impacts of these products on living beings.
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•The eco(geno)toxicity of the new insecticide mixture Platinum Neo was studied.•Platinum Neo is a combination of a neonicotinoid and a pyrethroid compounds.•The NOEC of Thiamethoxam for genotoxicity endpoint was 14 mg L−1•The NOEC of Lambda-Cyhalothrin for genotoxicity endpoint was 0.8 μg L−1•The eco(geno)toxicity hierarchy was Platinun Neo > λ-Cyhalothrin > Thiamethoxam.
Recently, the concerns about micro- and nano-plastics (NPs) toxicity have been increasing constantly, however the investigations are quiet meager. The present study provides evidences on the ...toxicological prospectives of virgin-, coronated- and isolated-NPs on human blood cells and Allium cepa root tip, respectively. Several plasma proteins displayed strong affinity towards NPs and produced multi-layered corona of 13 nm to 600 nm size. The coronated-NPs often attracted each other via non-specific protein-protein attraction which subsequently induced protein-induced coalescence in NPs. In the protein point of view, the interaction caused conformational changes and denaturation of protein thereby turned it as bio-incompatible. The coronated-NPs with increased protein confirmation changes caused higher genotoxic and cytotoxic effect in human blood cells than the virgin-NPs. On the other hand, virgin-NPs and the NPs isolated from facial scrubs hindered the root growth and caused chromosome aberration (ring formation, C-mitotic and chromosomal breaks, etc.) in root of Allium cepa. At the outset, the present study highlights the urgent need of scrutinization and regulation of NPs use in medical applications and pre-requisition of additional studies for assessing the bio-accumulation and bio-magnification of NPs.
In this study, we investigated the effect of local fertilization with calcium superphosphate applied 2-4 cm below the seeds on the phosphorous uptake, early growth, and yield of direct seeded onions ...(Allium cepa L.) in andosols. In andosol fields, where available phosphate was measured by the Truog method to be less than 10 mg・ 100 g super(-1) dry soil, local fertilization accelerated the emergence of the second or third leaf and was shown to promote growth. This could be seen through the increased number of developing leaves throughout the growing season, which led to a greater plant height and dry weight. Furthermore, in a trial comparing broadcast with local fertilization, the latter yielded more bulbs greater than 8 cm in diameter at harvest than the former. We concluded that local fertilization with calcium superphosphate 2-4 cm below the seeds improved early growth and the final yield of direct seeded onions compared with broadcast fertilization.
Genomic information for Allium cepa L. is limited as it is heterozygous and its genome is very large. To elucidate potential SNP markers obtained by NGS, we used a complete set of A. fistulosum L.-A. ...cepa monosomic addition lines (MALs) and doubled haploids (DHs). These were the parental lines of an A. cepa mapping population for transcriptome-based SNP genotyping. We mapped the transcriptome sequence reads from a series of A. fistulosum-A. cepa MALs onto the unigene sequence of the doubled haploid shallot A. cepa Aggregatum group (DHA) and compared the MAL genotype call for parental bunching onion and shallot transcriptome mapping data. We identified SNP sites with at least four reads on 25,462 unigenes. They were anchored on eight A. cepa chromosomes. A single SNP site was identified on 3,278 unigenes and multiple SNPs were identified on 22,184 unigenes. The chromosome marker information was made public via the web database Allium TDB (http://alliumtdb.kazusa.or.jp/). To apply transcriptome based genotyping approach for genetic mapping, we gathered RNA sequence data from 96 lines of a DHA x doubled haploid bulb onion A. cepa common onion group (DHC) mapping population. After selecting co-dominant SNP sites, 16,872 SNPs were identified in 5,339 unigenes. Of these, at least two SNPs with identical genotypes were found in 1,435 unigenes. We developed a linkage map using genotype information from these unigenes. All unigene markers mapped onto the eight chromosomes and graphical genotyping was conducted based on the unigene order information. Another 2,963 unigenes were allocated onto the eight chromosomes. To confirm the accuracy of this transcriptome-based genetic linkage map, conventional PCR-based markers were used for linkage analysis. All SNP - and PCR-based markers were mapped onto the expected linkage groups and no inconsistency was found among these chromosomal locations. Effective transcriptome analysis with unique Allium resources successfully associated numerous chromosome markers with unigene information and a high-density A. cepa linkage map. The information on these unigene markers is valuable in genome sequencing and useful trait detection in Allium.
Considering the cost of two common agriculture inputs, water and nitrogen as well as their effects on the environment, optimum use of them is necessary. In this way, the production functions are ...applying to achieve maximum profits and environmental protection. Therefore, spilt-plot experiments were conducted on onion (Allium cepa L.) in a completely randomised block design for two years (2014/15-2015/16) in an arid region of Iran. The treatments included three irrigation methods (subsurface drip irrigation (SDI), drip irrigation (DI) and furrow irrigation (FI)), four levels of irrigation water (50(I
1
), 75(I
2
), 100(I
3
) and 120(I
4
) % of crop water requirement) and four levels of nitrogen fertiliser (25(N
1
), 50(N
2
), 75(N
3
), and 100(N
4
) % of crop nitrogen requirement). Regression analyses were done by linear, Cobb-Douglas, Quadratic and Transcendental functional forms of onion production. Results showed that the quadratic fits the data best, for the given local condition. The onion reached the highest increase in yield rise by increasing a unit of I (irrigation water) and N (nitrogen fertiliser) in SDI and the lowest in FI. Moreover, the pressurised irrigation methods are found to be advantageous to the substitution of N by I. The marginal rate of technical substitution demonstrates that in comparison to FI, more amounts of I and N are required to achieve equal yield in the pressurised irrigation methods.
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