•Scientific evidence and validation confirmed the safety of PP consumption.•The bioactive components and potential benefits of PP have been validated.•PP's biological activity comes from its ...monosaccharides, phenols, and flavonoids.
Dried boat-fruited ripped seeds of Sterculia lychnophora, commonly known as Pangdahai, are frequently used in traditional Chinese medicines and functional foods. However, research on these constituents is limited. In this study, the extraction of Pangdahai polysaccharide (PP) was investigated using different solvents (deionized water, 50 % methanol, and 50 % ethanol), and its chemical composition, antioxidant capacity, and anti-inflammatory activity were analyzed. Additionally, the Ames test was used to evaluate PPs’ food safety and mutagenicity. The results showed that the yields of PPs extracted with the three solvents ranged from ∼ 19 % to 21 % and that their monosaccharide compositions (rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, and glucose) were similar, with slightly different proportions. Moreover, the antioxidant capacity of all three PPs showed concentration-dependent effects. The EC50 values for each antioxidant were approximately 0.71–1.35 mg/mL for 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging ability, 1.88–46.13 µg/mL for 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging ability, 2.22–3.61 mg/mL for ferric reducing antioxidant power, and 0.52–3.11 mg/mL for hydroxyl radical scavenging ability. At concentrations below 500 µg/mL, the anti-inflammator activity of PPs promoted cell proliferation while inhibiting nitric oxide production at concentrations ranging from 31.25 to 125 µg/mL. In the Ames test, PPs (1–5 mg/plate) exhibited no toxicity or mutagenicity against the five strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA98, TA100, TA102, TA1535, and TA1537). These findings will particularly be of interest to individuals involved in PP-related research or commercial enterprises. Thus, the findings of this study will elucidate the bioactive components and potential benefits of PP, making it especially valuable to researchers and practitioners in the Pangdahai industry and expanding opportunities for industrial development.
In the technical route for the synthesis of avanafil, 1-ethyl-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbamyldiimide hydrochloride (EDCI) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT) are used as reactive acid-amine binding ...agents. HOBT contains trace amounts of hydrazine residue, and there is a risk of introducing potentially mutagenic impurities with hydrazide-containing structures. The potentially genotoxic impurities E (
Imp-E
) and F (
Imp-F
) of avanafil with altering hydrazide-structure were synthesized by chemical method; subsequently, the impurities were evaluated and classified according to ICH M7 guidelines. Two complementary quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) evaluation systems (Derek and Sarah) based on expert rules and statistics were used to preliminarily predict the genotoxicity of
Imp-E
and
Imp-F
, and the prediction result of E was suspected to be positive. In the Ames test of
Imp-E
and
Imp-F
, in the dose range of 62.5-1000 μg per plate, with or without the presence of metabolic activation system S9, the number of revertant colonies did not exceed 2 times the number of colonies in the solvent control group and did not show a dose-response relationship, and the test results were negative.
Imp-E
and
Imp-F
were determined to be negative for genotoxicity, which could be controlled as class 5 in ICH M7, that is, non mutagenic impurity.
Imp-E
and
Imp-F
with altering hydrazide-structure were synthesized, which were determined to be negative for genotoxicity and could be controlled as class 5 in ICH M7.
Kojic acid (KA) is a multipurpose natural compound, commonly used in the food and cosmetics industry. It is produced by different types of molds especially by the species Aspergillus oryzae. In this ...study, we test the mutagenicity of local produced kojic acid PKA produced by the wild-type strain of A. oryzae as well as the standard commercially produced kojic acid SKA and ascorbic acid SAA for comparison to stop food manufacturers doubts about using KA. AMES test with Salmonella enterica ATCC 29629 strain TA1535 and S9 liver enzyme for metabolic activation of the tested compounds were utilized in this study by direct and indirect methods were used in the test. The study results showed that the tested PKA kojic acid had cannot induce reverse mutation in the strain ATCC 29629TA1535 used in the test in contrast with the positive control in direct and indirect methods, even where the tested acids were treated with S9 liver enzymes with or without pre-incubation for three hours at 37 °C hadn't given positive results on TA1535. The used concentration of 1% and 10% S9 liver enzymes hadn't metabolically activated the three acids. 6 mg/plate of KA inhibited the growth of TA1535. SAA gave the same negative results as PKA and SKA. In conclusion, the tested PKA produced by wild-type A. oryzae was not has mutagenic effect on bacterial strain TA1535 and gave the same effect as the commonly used as food additive SAA and SKA even when treated with S9 liver enzymes.
•Obliquumol had an LD50 >2000 mg/kg since there were no mortalities after 14 days.•At the highest dose of obliquumol, the mass, behaviour and food intake of the mice were not affected.•Gross necropsy ...and histopathological analysis on organs indicated hardly any effects of obliquumol.•P. obliquum leaf extracts, fractions (hexane, chloroform and 30 % H2O in MeOH) and isolated compounds (obliquumol and a mixture of lupeol and β-amyrin) had no genotoxic activity against the salmonella typhimurium strains (TA 100, TA 100, and TA 102).
Obliquumol (12-O-acetylptaeroxylinol) isolated from Ptaeroxylon obliquum leaves has excellent antifungal activity and low cellular toxicity. As a next step in the potential development of a framework antifungal product, the present work investigated the acute animal toxicity of obliquumol according to OECD 423 guidelines. Furthermore, the genotoxicity of P. obliquum acetone leaf extracts, fractions (hexane, chloroform and 30 % H2O in MeOH) and isolated compounds (obliquumol and a mixture of lupeol and β-amyrin) was determined using Ames test. . A single dose of obliquumol was orally administered to mice at levels of 50, 300 and 2000 mg/kg and observed for 14 days. The three S. typhimurium tester strains TA 98, TA 100 and TA 102 were used without metabolic activation to determine the genotoxicity. Even at the highest dose of obliquumol, the mass, behaviour and food intake of the animals were not affected. Gross necropsy and histopathological analysis on organs indicated hardly any effects. No samples had genotoxic activity against the S. typhimurium strains tested. Obliquumol had an LD50 >2000 mg/kg since there were no mortalities after 14 days. This encourages the possible development of a new class of antifungal compounds from the obliquumol framework.
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The Ames test is widely used in the mutagenicity evaluation of new and existing chemicals as a part of a compound selection strategy, regulatory control, the equivalence assessment, carcinogenic ...potential measurement etc. Intensification of the chemical industry and synthesis of plenty of new molecules has led to the necessity of tests with a higher throughput capacity. The 6-well miniaturized bacterial reverse mutation test and the standard Ames test were compared using 14 technical grade active ingredients (TGAIs) of pesticides. With some exceptions, the responses obtained in the miniscreen Ames are similar to those seen in the standard method: 4 overall test outcomes were negative and 9 were positive in both test versions, but 1 discordant result between the miniscreen and standard version. Comparison of the standard and the miniscreen Ames test resulted in 98% of concordance across five strains and conditions (±S9). The overall judgment is that the miniscreen Ames test can be used to assess the mutagenicity of pesticide analogs. It has the advantage of decreasing the number of materials and animals (for S9) and keeping a high-test performance.
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•The 14 TGAIs have been studied with the standard and miniscreen Ames tests.•Thiabendazole, imazamox, oxyfluorfen, fipronil were non mutagenic in both versions.•Dimethoates, thirams, captan, carbendazims were positive in both assays.•1 discordant result between two versions was found for chlorpyrifos (TA100, -S9).•Concordance of two versions across five strains (±S9) was estimated as 98%.
•The development of the Ames Salmonella mutagenicity test is described.•The tester strains used were developed for the study of the histidine operon.•The test is a basic component of genetic toxicity ...testing schemes internationally.•The test was designed to identify mutagens and provide mode of action information.
The bacterial strains and mutagenicity test procedure developed by Bruce Ames, and published in 1973, greatly enhanced the ability of laboratories to test chemicals for mutagenicity. The test that became known as the “Ames Test” was simple to perform, took only two days, was relatively inexpensive, and was easily transferrable to other laboratories. Their demonstration that the test was effective at identifying potentially carcinogenic chemicals led its immediate adoption, and requirement, by regulatory authorities world-wide. Despite the development of other microbial and mammalian cell tests to measure mutation or other genetic damage, the Ames test still retains a primary role in the testing of chemicals for commercial use.
Azo dyes represent the by far most important class of textile dyes. Their biotransformation by various skin bacteria may release aromatic amines (AAs) which might be dermally absorbed to a major ...extent. Certain AAs are well known to have genotoxic and/or carcinogenic properties. Correspondingly, azo dyes releasing one of the 22 known carcinogenic AAs are banned from clothing textiles in the European Union. In the present study, we investigated the mutagenicity of 397 non-regulated AAs potentially released from the 470 known textile azo dyes. We identified 36 mutagenic AAs via publicly available databases. After predicting their mutagenicity potential using the method by Bentzien, we accordingly allocated them into different priority groups. Ames tests on 18 AAs of high priority showed that 4 substances (22%) (CASRN 84-67-3, 615-47-4, 3282-99-3, 15791-87-4) are mutagenic in the strain TA98 and/or TA100 with and/or without rat S9 mix. Overall, combining the information from the Ames tests and the publicly available data, we identified 40 mutagenic AAs being potential cleavage products of approximately 180 different parent azo dyes comprising 38% of the azo dyes in our database. The outcome of this study indicates that mutagenic AAs in textile azo dyes are of much higher concern than previously expected, which entails implications on the product design and possibly on the regulation of azo dyes in the future.
•Forty mutagenic aromatic amines (AAs) from azo dyes in textiles could be identified.•They are cleavage products from 180 different parent azo dyes used in textiles.•Thirty-six AAs are mutagenic based on publicly available databases.•Four AAs without experimental data were found to be positive in the Ames test.•Mutagenicity of AAs from textile azo dyes is a much larger issue than thought.
Depopulation concerns many polish cities, with the exception of a few metropolises such as Wrocław (Lower Silesia) and Katowice (Upper Silesia) where investments are growing and therefore more humans ...are exposed to urban environmental pollution. Accumulation of toxic substances on road surfaces is a major global challenge requiring methods of assessing risk that initiate the proper management strategies. In this study urban road dust (URD) has been collected at seventeen sites in Lower and Upper Silesia regions in Poland renowned for their elevated level of pollution. The aim of the study was: (i) to determine PAH concentration in URD in both regions with the identification of their possible sources based on diagnostic ratio; (ii) to assess possible mutagenic effects of URD with the application of Ames test (Salmonella assay); (iii) to define a possible carcinogenic risk related to URD in both studied regions. We found that the total PAH content of collected URD samples ranged from 142.4 to 1349.4 ng g−1. The diagnostic ratio of PAHs in URD for all studied sites showed that pyrogenic combustion predominated indicating traffic-related and biomass sources of pollution. The Ames assay, which has never been used in studies of URD in Poland, demonstrated that in both regions, URD samples (from eight sites), were characterised by the highest mutagenicity values. Additionally, Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) values, based on PAH content only, were between 10 and 6 to 10−4 indicating potential risk of cancer. Reassuming, humans in both agglomerations are exposed to factors or compounds with carcinogenic properties which may have an adverse health effect through the urban road dust mainly due to vehicular traffic, heating systems and industrial activities.
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•Two model regions in Poland were used to study the mutagenicity of URD.•The mutagenicity of URD is related to municipal transport and home heating.•ILCR values at both regions indicate a high potential risk of developing cancer.
The degradation study of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in aqueous medium was performed under electron beam irradiation (EBI) at various AFB1 initial concentrations. It has been proven that the degradation of ...AFB1 in the selected ranges of concentrations follows pseudo first-order reaction kinetics well (R2 > 0.95). Five degradation products of AFB1 in aqueous solution were identified by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS, and the possible degradation pathway was proposed. The Ames and cytotoxicity tests were employed to evaluate the toxicity of the AFB1 degradation products in aqueous solution, and the results indicated that the mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of EBI treated samples decreased significantly compared with that of untreated samples, but were not completely disappeared. The study provided clues involving the application of EBI methods in AFB1 decontamination.
•EBI was firstly proved as an effective degradation of AFB1 in aqueous medium.•Structures of 5 degradation products were identified.•Possible degradation pathway was proposed.•Mutagenesis and cytotoxicity of degradation products were evaluated.
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