Cyclin D-1 protein over-expression and/or gene amplification have been shown to be frequent events in subsets of breast carcinomas. Cyclin D-1 is generally considered as a weak oncogene, and its ...over-expression has been shown to occur in occasional benign breast lesions. In a previous series, we have shown that cyclin D-1 was over-expressed in subsets of apocrine metaplasia (APM) and apocrine adenosis (AA) of the breast and that such over-expression was mostly associated with a significant increase in the proliferative capacity of these lesions. We examined the mechanisms involved in cyclin D-1 over-expression in apocrine lesions.
A total of 41 cases were analysed in this study. The cases were divided into: 18 cases of APM and 23 cases of AA. All cases analysed had been previously analysed by immunohistochemistry, and all showed over-expression of the cyclin D-1 protein. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) was performed using a dual cyclin D-1 (spectrum orange)/chromosome 11 centromere (spectrum green) DNA probe. The results showed that none of the cases studied had concomitant gene amplification.
These results suggest that other post-transcriptional mechanisms might be responsible for cyclin D-1 protein over-expression in benign apocrine lesions. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms involved in abnormal cyclin D-1 expression in these lesions.
Cytochemistry of glycoconjugates in the apocrine glands in the scrotal skin of the horse was studied using cytochemical methods for electron microscopy, particularly lectin cytochemistry. The ...secretory cells possessed a variable number of secretory vesicles, a well-developed Golgi apparatus, and abundant cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Additionally, the basolateral plasma membrane formed numerous interdigitating folds. Glycoconjugates with vicinal diol groupings were present predominantly in the secretory vesicles, the Golgi apparatus, the surface coat of the plasma membrane, and the majority of the intracellular membranes. With lectin cytochemistry, the secretory vesicles of the glandular cells exhibited glycoproteins with different terminal sugars (α-D-mannose, β-D-galactose β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, and sialic acid). Several sugars were distinctly prominent in the surface coat of the plasma membrane of the secretory cells. The cytochemical properties of the complex glycoconjugates found are discussed in relation to the specific functions of the glandular secretions. These glands may have an important role in not only thermoregulation but protection of the scrotal skin, a specific body region.
The apocrine hidrocystoma is a benign adenomatous cystic proliferation derived from apocrine glands, which frequently occurs in periocular tissues. These cystadenomas may occur bilaterally, in ...multiple disfiguring confluent groups on both the upper and lower lids. Although these lesions have been treated successfully with meticulous surgical extirpation and electrosurgery, this report describes the successful treatment of two patients, each with multiple large (>7 mm) periocular apocrine hidrocystomas by either chemical ablation of the cystic epithelium with trichloroacetic acid (TCA) or surgical excision. Examination of the cysts at 1, 3, and 6 months after TCA treatment revealed well-healed lesions without cyst recurrence. Most of the TCA-treated cysts resolved completely, without leaving any trace to clinical examination. Treatment of cysts with TCA was technically simpler and much less time-consuming than surgical excision. The treatment of large apocrine hidrocystomas with TCA is an effective and expeditious method of treating these disfiguring and recalcitrant lesions.
Fox-Fordyce disease is a condition with protean histopathological alterations whose pathogenesis remains a mystery. Although recent studies have addressed histological changes specific of this ...disease, including perifollicular xanthomatosis, no attention has been given to apocrine acini dilation as an adjunct histopathological finding to the diagnosis. Moreover, although previous efforts were done to demonstrate that perifollicular foamy histiocytes harbor apocrine secretion content, this concept has not been proved to date. In this study, we report 2 cases harboring prominent dilation of apocrine coils with mucinous content. Such mucinous content showed mucin profile identical to the dermal mucin deposits in both cases. Of note, perifollicular foamy histiocytes demonstrated cytoplasmic mucin, supporting the suggestion that these cells phagocytose apocrine secretion. Although not specific, apocrine coil dilation is another histopathological feature of Fox-Fordyce disease and it may be used as a low-power magnification clue for the correct diagnosis. We also propose that the so-called perifollicular xanthomatosis may be composed of muciphages or mixed cell (muciphages/xanthomatous) population, an issue that should be further investigated in future studies.
A Human Axillary Odorant is Carried by Apolipoprotein D Zeng, Chenhui; Spielman, Andrew I.; Vowels, Benjamin R. ...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS,
06/1996, Letnik:
93, Številka:
13
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The characterization of the source of the odor in the human axillary region is not only of commercial interest but is also important biologically because axillary extracts can alter the length and ...timing of the female menstrual cycle. In males, the most abundant odor component is known to be E-3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid (E-3M2H), which is liberated from nonodorous apocrine secretions by axillary microorganisms. Recently, it was found that in the apocrine gland secretions, 3M2H is carried to the skin surface bound to two proteins, apocrine secretion odor-binding proteins 1 and 2 (ASOB1 and ASOB2) with apparent molecular masses of 45 kDa and 26 kDa, respectively. To better understand the formation of axillary odors and the structural relationship between 3M2H and its carrier protein, the amino acid sequence and glycosylation pattern of ASOB2 were determined by mass spectrometry. The ASOB2 protein was identified as apolipoprotein D (apoD), a known member of the α 2μ-microglobulin superfamily of carrier proteins also known as lipocalins. The pattern of glycosylation for axillary apoD differs from that reported for plasma apoD, suggesting different sites of expression for the two glycoproteins. In situ hybridization of an oligonucleotide probe against apoD mRNA with axillary tissue demonstrates that the message for synthesis of this protein is specific to the apocrine glands. These results suggest a remarkable similarity between human axillary secretions and nonhuman mammalian odor sources, where lipocalins have been shown to carry the odoriferous signals used in pheromonal communication.
Summary
Apocrine carcinoma is a rare malignant sweat‐gland neoplasm with apocrine differentiation. There have been some reported cases of apocrine carcinoma with apocrine naevus. We report a case of ...a 78‐year‐old man with a painless tumour of the left axilla. Positron emission tomography (PET) showed slight fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in both axillae. The patient underwent radical excision of the left axilla with left axillary lymph‐node resection. The resected specimen showed apocrine adenocarcinoma with extramammary Paget’s disease and apocrine naevus. Two years later, the patient noted enlargement of the right axilla, and PET showed increased FDG uptake. On resection of this enlarging right axilla, an apocrine naevus was found. FDG‐PET is a useful method for detecting precancerous lesions, allowing monitoring of abnormal foci that are not suspicious for cancer and have no clinically apparent cause for concern.
Multiple apocrine hidrocystomas Anandasabapathy, Niroshana; Soldano, Anthony C
Dermatology online journal,
2008-May-15, Letnik:
14, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
A 83-year-old woman presented with a 7-year history of translucent papules that were scattered diffusely over her nose, peri-orbital region, and cheeks. These lesions were exacerbated by heat and ...exercise. Histopathologic examination of a biopsy specimen from the cheek showed a thin-walled cyst lined by a flattened bi-layered epithelium that exhibited decapitation secretion in the upper part of the epidermis. A diagnosis of multiple apocrine hidrocystomas was made based on the clinical and histopathologic findings, and the patient is currently considering treatment options. These include electrodesiccation, excision, trichloracetic acid, carbon-dioxide laser, and 1450-nm diode laser.
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