Cilj. U ovom se članku nastoji pregledno i kritički prikazati razvoj dokumentalistike i informacijske znanosti u zemljama njemačkog govornog područja. Budući da do sada, osim na njemačkom jeziku, ...nije napisan cjelovit pregled o tome kako se razvijala dokumentalistika i kakav je bio njezin odnos prema knjižničarstvu te kako je i kada došlo do promjene paradigme prema informacijskoj znanosti, hrvatskim su stručnjacima takva saznanja uskraćena. Pristup/metodologija. Rad se temelji na kritičkom iščitavanju i interpretaciji objavljene literature, poglavito članaka, izvještaja i prikaza iz časopisa Nachrichten für Dokumentation (od 1990: Nachrichten für Informationswissenschaft), nekoliko drugih njemačkih časopisa i knjiga te proučenih svih sedam izdanja poznatog priručnika Grundlagen für Dokumentation (kasnije: Grundlagen für Informationswissenschaft). Rezultati. Pregledno je izložen razvojni put njemačke, austrijske i švicarske dokumentalistike i informacijske znanosti, ukazano je na probleme i dvojbe s kojima su se stručnjaci iz tih sredina susretali, kao i na nesigurnost oko definiranja novog polja. Rad obilježava i osvrt autorice na nedostatnu argumentaciju razloga koji su doveli do napuštanja izvorno njemačke dokumentalističke paradigme u prilog preuzimanja paradigmi koje su zagovarali stručnjaci iz angloameričke sredine. Ograničenja. Kako je ovaj rad zamišljen kao dio niza o razvoju dokumentalistike i informacijske znanosti u nekoliko utjecajnih sredina (američko-britanskoj, frankofonskoj, germanskoj, ruskoj, odnosno u zemljama bivšeg Sovjetskog Saveza) te utjecaja modela i trendova iz tih sredina na razvoj dokumentalistike i informacijske/ih znanosti na području bivše Jugoslavije, s naglaskom na Hrvatsku, za očekivati je da će do objave ostalih pregleda možda ostati nedovoljno jasne pojedinosti problematizirane u ovom članku. Društveni značaj. U Republici Hrvatskoj prihvaćene su informacijske znanosti kao akademska i znanstvena disciplina 1983. godine, pa je to potaknulo istraživačku znatiželju oko utvrđivanja najranijih izvora spoznaja o razvojnim trendovima u drugoj polovici 20. stoljeća. Ovim istraživanjem pridonosi se razumijevanju okolnosti izrastanja informacijske/ih znanosti kao mladog znanstvenog polja. Originalnost/vrijednost. Istraživanje je provedeno na izvornim materijalima na njemačkom jeziku, a obogaćeno je komentarima i saznanjima autorice koja prati ovo područje od njegova službenog prihvaćanja u hrvatsku akademsku i znanstvenu obitelj do današnjih dana.
Cilj. U ovom se članku nastoji pregledno i kritički prikazati razvoj dokumentalistike i informacijske znanosti u zemljama njemačkog govornog područja. Budući da do sada, osim na njemačkom jeziku, ...nije napisan cjelovit pregled o tome kako se razvijala dokumentalistika i kakav je bio njezin odnos prema knjižničarstvu te kako je i kada došlo do promjene paradigme prema informacijskoj znanosti, hrvatskim su stručnjacima takva saznanja uskraćena. Pristup/metodologija. Rad se temelji na kritičkom iščitavanju i interpretaciji objavljene literature, poglavito članaka, izvještaja i prikaza iz časopisa Nachrichten für Dokumentation (od 1990: Nachrichten für Informationswissenschaft), nekoliko drugih njemačkih časopisa i knjiga te proučenih svih sedam izdanja poznatog priručnika Grundlagen für Dokumentation (kasnije: Grundlagen für Informationswissenschaft). Rezultati. Pregledno je izložen razvojni put njemačke, austrijske i švicarske dokumentalistike i informacijske znanosti, ukazano je na probleme i dvojbe s kojima su se stručnjaci iz tih sredina susretali, kao i na nesigurnost oko definiranja novog polja. Rad obilježava i osvrt autorice na nedostatnu argumentaciju razloga koji su doveli do napuštanja izvorno njemačke dokumentalističke paradigme u prilog preuzimanja paradigmi koje su zagovarali stručnjaci iz angloameričke sredine. Ograničenja. Kako je ovaj rad zamišljen kao dio niza o razvoju dokumentalistike i informacijske znanosti u nekoliko utjecajnih sredina (američko-britanskoj, frankofonskoj, germanskoj, ruskoj, odnosno u zemljama bivšeg Sovjetskog Saveza) te utjecaja modela i trendova iz tih sredina na razvoj dokumentalistike i informacijske/ih znanosti na području bivše Jugoslavije, s naglaskom na Hrvatsku, za očekivati je da će do objave ostalih pregleda možda ostati nedovoljno jasne pojedinosti problematizirane u ovom članku. Društveni značaj. U Republici Hrvatskoj prihvaćene su informacijske znanosti kao akademska i znanstvena disciplina 1983. godine, pa je to potaknulo istraživačku znatiželju oko utvrđivanja najranijih izvora spoznaja o razvojnim trendovima u drugoj polovici 20. stoljeća. Ovim istraživanjem pridonosi se razumijevanju okolnosti izrastanja informacijske/ih znanosti kao mladog znanstvenog polja. Originalnost/vrijednost. Istraživanje je provedeno na izvornim materijalima na njemačkom jeziku, a obogaćeno je komentarima i saznanjima autorice koja prati ovo područje od njegova službenog prihvaćanja u hrvatsku akademsku i znanstvenu obitelj do današnjih dana.
U radu se predočava glavni pravac vanjskopolitičkog djelovanja mitropolita Petra I. Petrovića usmjeren k Boki kotorskoj i primorju, u nastojanju povezivanja s Crnom Gorom u jedan državni organizam. ...Odnosi velikih sila, crnogorskog mitropolita, kao i lokalnog stanovništva – i katoličkog i pravoslavnog, u odnosu na status Boke i primorja u kompleksnom i dinamičnom razdoblju Napoleonovih ratova posebice su u fokusu analize. Rad je baziran na neobjavljenim i objavljenim povijesnim izvorima različite provenijencije i opsežnoj historiografskoj literaturi.
U radu je analizirana autobiografija hrvatskog plemića Andrije Kuželja, rodom Lapića nastala krajem 15. stoljeća. Prikazane su okolnosti njegova odlaska u Austriju, njegova karijera, stjecanje ...posjeda, razvoj obitelji u muškoj i ženskoj lozi i njezino izumrće u posljednjem muškom potomku. Posebno je istaknuta njegova lojalnost prema Habsburgovcima, što mu je i olakšalo društveni uspon. Analizirana je razina svijesti o etničkom podrijetlu, a na kraju je prikazan njegov put u Rim i Napulj 1452., gdje je sudjelovao na krunidbi cara Fridrika III.
This paper brings together biographies of the earliest historiographers of the Military Frontier, whose works represent the inevitable “zero point” in historical disciplines as well as the humanities ...at large. These historiographers include Johann Andreas Demian (ca. 1770 – 1845), Carl Bernhard von Hietzinger (November 3, 1786 – March 26, 1864), Mathias Stopfer (1795 – September 8, 1841), Franz de Paula Julius Frass (1794 – March 11, 1868), Paul Kussan (January 12, 1795 – February 2, 1875), Franz Bach (1793 – February 3, 1868), Josef Hostinek (1830 – January 10, 1905), Leopold Martin Krainz (1834 – December 26, 1872), and Franz Vaniček (July 6, 1809 – April 6, 1894). Their lives were reconstructed on the basis of previously published data in secondary literature, and gaps were filled in, where possible, with the help of relevant monthly army censuses, the accompanying documentation, and registry books. Transfer certificates, which in addition to basic information on personal lives offer a very detailed overview of progress in the professional career, helped the most. Using these documents, it was possible to correct some overlooked errors in the previously published biographies. Comparing the biographies of the first historiographers of the Military Frontier, the authors have noticed some very interesting similarities as well as differences. Most of the studied persons were officials of the Military Frontier administration, except for Demian and Hietzinger, who belonged to the highest military council in Vienna, and Krainz, who partly made his career in a military unit. Three of them were prominent members of educational staff in the Military Frontier. Stopfer was a professor at the Military Administration School in Graz, Frass was the principal of all schools in the Karlovac Generalate, and Vaniček was the principal of the Higher Grammar School in Vinkovci. Bach and Krainz served as military judges. Historiographers with most writings relevant to the Military Frontier are Demian, Stopfer and Vaniček. Hietzinger, Kussan, Bach, Hostinek, and Krainz published one seminal work each. While at the beginning the emphasis was on statistics and geography, from the mid-19th century the focus increasingly shifted to historical events. Most authors based themselves on works published before theirs: Hietzinger on Demian, Stopfer on Hietzinger, Frass on Hietzinger and Stopfer, and so on. However, the most interesting discoveries about their personal and professional lives concern the way these were intertwined. Based on the available and collected data, it could be established that seven of the nine mentioned persons lived to be between 74 and 84 years old. Stopfer died the youngest, at the age of 45, and it was not possible to find out Krainz’s date of death. A combination of high age and a long professional career, which implied frequent transfers, created favourable conditions for possible encounters. Between 1828 and 1830, Stopfer and Bach served simultaneously in the Otočac Regiment, Hostinek was a student of Vaniček and then Stopfer, and Vaniček was member of a society whose president was Hietzinger, the Imperial and Royal Geographical Society in Vienna (k. k. Geographische Gesellschaft). Although the authors of this paper have tried to shed as much light as possible on the careers of historiographers whose works have been indispensable guideposts on the path of scholarly knowledge about the Military Frontier as a historical phenomenon, the primary intention was to encourage further research into this understudied historical topic.
Unter der Annahme, dass der Orientalismus und Balkanismus nicht einmal rudimentär die reichhaltigen interkulturellen Beziehungen zwischen Europa und dem Mittelmeer erfasst, argumentiert die ...vorliegende Forschungsarbeit, dass es nötig ist, einen weiteren Diskurs in Ermangelung einer besseren Bezeichnung unter dem Namen Mediterranismus einzubeziehen. Darunter sind kulturelle Imaginationen des Mittelmeeres als philosophische und poetische Denkfigur der europäischen Schriftkultur zu verstehen. Die Hauptaufgabe ist dabei auf der Grundlage der Begriffsgeschichte in Fragmenten und der Deduktion der heuristischen theoretischen Hypothesen eine Rekonstruktion und kontrastive und komplementäre Komparation dieser drei Diskursformationen durchzuführen, unter der Einsicht, dass sie unter den Bedingungen der Moderne bei der europäischen Selbstbesinnung zugleich entgegengesetzt und miteinander verwoben sind. Daher enthalten sie eine ganze Reihe von perzeptiven, affektiven und kognitiven Gegensätzen und Widersprüchen, die gesondert in weiteren Forschungsarbeiten zu untersuchen sind.
Maximilian De Traux (1766-1817) was an engineering officer in the Austrian army. In 1803, he became the head of the engineering administration in Zadar, in which role he travelled all over Dalmatia ...during the following two years, gaining a solid knowledge of the region. In 1805, he produced a description of the land, nowadays preserved at the National Library of Serbia in Belgrade. It was published under a somewhat clumsy title Festungen Dalmatiens und Albaniens nebst vorliegenden Inseln, und Beschreibung (Fortifications of Dalmatia and Albania, as well as the neighbouring islands, and their description) and dedicated to Johann, Archduke of Austria, but in fact it was intended for the Austrian ruling house in general, in order to help them govern the lands which had come into their possession only a few years before. The book consists of two parts: textual and illustrative, the latter including 29 figures. In the textual part, De Traux largely focuses on the state of Dalmatian fortifications, including mainland settlements and those on the islands. He then describes the geography of the area and the communication lines with regard to the defence potential and the need of investing in the construction of new fortifications. The population is described in the tradition of Alberto Fortis, whereby he distinguishes between two types: the urban inhabitants, which resemble the Italians in all aspects, and those of the hinterland, the so-called Morlacs. He also describes “Albania”, the area around Boka Kotorska, previously governed by the Venetian Republic under the name of Albania Veneta. In this section he addresses, among other things, the problem of the Orthodox population, arguing that it would be beneficial to appoint a separate Orthodox bishop (episkopos) for “Albania” and that the Orthodox will never be loyal subjects to a Catholic monarch as their religion creates a state within the state. The illustrative section of De Traux’s report includes ground plans of various fortifications and maps of Dalmatia, the Kvarner Islands, and “Albania”. At the very beginning, there are separate illustrations, with a particular focus on Sanmicheli’s Land Gate. It was given a special place in the report and, although it was still a part of the fortification belt and played a role in communication and defence, De Traux did not waste a word on that aspect, commenting instead on its symbolic role as an entrance to the main Venetian city of Dalmatia. De Traux’s booklet is rather small (11x19 cm) and thus the author calls it “a pocketbook” (Taschenbuch). This can be explained by its aim: it had to be handy and easy to use by its addressee, Archduke Johann, and this aspect was obviously more important than a possible representative character. Because of the size, De Traux’s ground plans had to be limited in the number of details in order to remain clear, which resulted in unusually effective and suggestive depictions.
Leontine (Leo, Lea, Leonie) von Littrow (Trst, 1855. – Opatija, 1925.) kći je mornaričkog časnika, riječkoga lučkog kapetana i pomorskog inspektora, koja je od djetinjstva do kraja života živjela u ...Rijeci i Opatiji. Slikanje uči kod pariškog slikara Jeana d’Alheima, a u gotovo pola stoljeća umjetničkog djelovanja prolazi razvoj od početničkog »romantizma« do plenerizma i impresionizma te, na kraju, do ekspresivnog slikanja primorskih i dalmatinskih krajolika. Od 1880. godine izlaže na brojnim izložbama u Beču, Münchenu, Budimpešti, Pragu, Londonu, Opatiji, Klagenfurtu, Salzburgu, Černivcima, Wrocławu, Kopru i Rijeci, a naročit uspjeh postiže na samostalnim izložbama u Londonu od 1896. do 1904. godine.
Do završnice srednjeg vijeka hrvatski su prostori, sukladno različitosti političkih, zemljopisnih, inozemnih utjecaja, iskazivali izvjesne posebnosti i razvojne neujednačenosti. Unatoč tome bili su ...društveno-kulturno kompatibilna cjelina stabilno ukorijenjena u vlastitoj civilizaciji te uglavnom uspijevala pratiti razvojne tokove unutar nje. Osmanskim osvajanjima, koja otpočinju polovicom 15. stoljeća, i po tom će se pitanju zbiti bitne promjene. Civilizacijski kontinuitet očuvat će se samo na obranjenim teritorijima, odnosno u sjeverozapadnoj Hrvatskoj, na otočno-primorskom pojasu pod mletačkom vlašću te u Dubrovačkoj Republici. Na osvojenom tlu Osmanlije su potpuno zbrisale dotadašnju, zapadnjačku društvenu strukturu. Hrvatima tih prostora jedina spona sa vlastitom civilizacijom ostala je Crkva i to svedena na franjevački red. U ovom radu analiziraju se promjene koje su u društveno-kulturnom kontekstu zbile unutar današnje Dalmacije tijekom osmanskog nadzora nad znatnim dijelom njena teritorija te razlozi zbog kojih su, nakon oslobođenja tih teritorija, za mletačke, francuske i austrijske vlasti, uspjele očuvati promjene koje su se zbile pod Osmanlijama.
Up to close of the Middle Ages Croatian areas, in consistence with different political, geographical and foreign influences manifested specific particularities and developmental unhomogeneousnesses. In spite of all that, they represented socio-cultural compatible unity, which was steadily deep-rooted in its own civilization and mainly managed to go along with developmental streams within it. With Ottoman conquests which begin in the midst of 15 century, important changes had happened in this regard. Civilization continuity was preserved only on defended territories, that is in north-west Croatia, insularcoastal belt under Venetian authotity and in Dubrovnik Republic. On the conquered territories Ottomans completely erased western social structure. For Croats in those areas the only connection to own civilization was Catholic Church, essentially restricted on the Franciscan order. In this paper we analyze the changes which in socio-cultural context took place within the framework of present-day Dalmatia during the Ottoman control of significantly part of its territory. We also analyze the reasons why these changes, which had happened during the Ottomans, succeeded to preserve its importance even after the liberation of these territories during the Venetian, French and Austrian authorities.
Copublished with the Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, this study asks if the European Union (EU) has the capacity or the will to counter antisemitism. The desire to ...counter antisemitism was a significant impetus toward the formation of the EU in the twentieth century and now prejudice against Jews threatens to subvert that goal in the twenty-first.The European Union, Antisemitism, and the Politics of Denialoffers an overview of the circumstances that obliged European political institutions to take action against antisemitism and considers the effectiveness of these interventions by considering two seemingly dissimilar EU states, Austria and Sweden.
This examination of the European Union's strategy for countering antisemitism discloses escalating prejudice within the EU in the aftermath of 9/11. R. Amy Elman contends that Europe's political actors have responded to the challenge and provocation of antisemitism with only sporadic rhetoric and inconsistent commitment; this halfhearted strategy for countering anti-Semitism exacerbates skepticism toward EU institutions and their commitment to equality and justice. This exposition of the insipid character of the EU's response simultaneously suggests alternatives that might mitigate the subtle and potentially devastating creep of antisemitism in Europe.
The author offers a new approach insofar as scholarly considerations of the EU's attempts to combat racism rarely focus on antisemitism, while scholarship on antisemitism rarely considers the political context of the European Union.
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